ANATOMY ANS PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW The first half of this is questions from previous test s I was able to write down during Ms Jarmanes office hours 1 Symbol for amino group NH2 subscript 2 2 Organic substances Lipid nucleic acid protein carbohydrates 3 Effectors Provide negative feedback 4 Pleated Sheet Protein secondary structure 5 carbon sugar nitrogenous base and a phosphate group 5 Nucleotide 6 Epithelium Seperates internal vs external 7 Dehydration Synthesis Compounds convert hydrogen and oxygen to water 8 The lower the number of a pH is the more hydroxide ions in contains 9 Glycolosis occurs in the cytosol 10 Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain 11 NADH is oxidized it becomes NAD NAD is reduced it becomes NADH 12 During the electron transport chain a high concentration of hydrogen is pumped into the intermembrane space from the mitochondrial matrix which activatews Atp SYNTHASE 13 Endoplasmic Reticulum that modiefies and packages newly synthesized proteins Rough ER 14 addition of phosphate group to a substrate Phosphorylation 15 Carbon and oxygen atoms are lost in the form of carbon dioxide Decarboxylation 16 sodium potassium pump Primary active transport 17 Sodium potassium pump Transports 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions 18 Produces the most ATP during cellular respiration Oxidative phosphorylation 19 receptor mediated endocytosis Main movement of macromolecules 20 Reduction occues via the gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen 21 Secondary active transport requires energy indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport 22 Catecholamines are derived from the throsine amino acid 23 Peptide protein messengers are translated from ribosomes attached to the rough ER 24 lipophobic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis in response to a stimulus 25 Typical responses to lipophilic messengers require a long time to develop because they necessitate transcription of mRNA and translation of mRNA into a functional protein 26 Eicosanoids are released from the cell immediately upon synthesis 27 Graded potentials either depolarization excitatory or hyperpolarization inhibitory 28 bipolar most abundant in CNS 29 memory not a function of neurogllia 30 1 axon 1 dendrite with soma in between is bipolar 31 glial cell in PNS Schwann cells 32 stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neurons membrane from resting potential to 85mV is inhibitory stimulus 33 action potential all or nothing 34 area in center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the H band 35 calcium ion is released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 36 skeletal muscle complex triad transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisternae 37 Always contains thin filaments I band 38 Space between synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber synaptic cleft 39 Most important factor in decreasing intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is active transport of calcium into the SR 40 Acetate is absorbed into the post synaptic cell choline is absorbed into the presynaptic terminal Final Exam Review 1 Inhibitory graded potentials suppresses an action potential caused by potassium efflux this is the hyperpolarizing effect 2 Can only get to threshold if there is an influx of sodium ions 3 A Depolarization influx of sodium B Repolarization purpose to get back to Resting Membrane Potential C Hyperpolarization efflux of potassium 4 Refractory period time between beginning of action potential and end of action potential another action potential cannot occur at this time Absolute Refractory Period no other action potential can be generated mostly geared toward depolarization Relative Refractory Period another action potential is possible however the stimulus must be really great 5 Propagation Saltatory axon is myelinated jumps from node to node Continuous no myelin slower conduction 6 Neuron Excitatory Cells Neuroglia helps with propagation phagocytosis unholds structure does NOT affect memory Astrocytes structure CNS Microglia dispose Ependymal cells line spinal cord secrete cerebrospinal fluid Schwan Cells insulate neurons in PNS Oligodendrocytes insulate nerurons in CNS 7 Metabolism sum of the bodies chemical reactions Catabolism break up large molecules into smaller ones hydrolysis Anabolism small molecules come together to make larger molecules dehydration synthesis 8 Cellular Respiration glucose eventually to yield ATP Glycolysis 1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid pyruvate 2 ATP molecules are created Substrate level phosphorlation addition of phosphate group to ADP to form ATP 2 NADH also created Citric acid cycle citric acid is oxidized looses electrons bulk of CO2 we breath out is produced in citric acid cycle Decarboxolation removing 2 carbons and oxygen in the form of CO2 Electron transport chain hydrogen ions pumped from mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space Helpful OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loosing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons 9 Biomolecules all are organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen Carbohydrates monomer monosaccharide Proteins monomer amino acids Lipids monomer monoglyceride Nucleic acid monomer mucleotides Amino Acid Structure Amino Group NH2 10 Steroids are lipids structure consists of 4 fused rings Almost all steroids are hormones Short half life 11 Acids Base Acid Donates hydrogen ions to a solution Base Accepts hydrogen ions from a solution 12 Buffer solute that accepts or donates hydrogen ions to a solution Stabilizes the pH of a solution 13 Homeostasis bodies ability to maintain a constant internal environment 14 G protein Seconf Messenger system G protein will only respond to a lipophobic ligand G protein has 3 subunits GTP binds to the alpha sununit and GDP disassociates Alpha subunit now disassociates and can bridge the communication Alpha subunit with ATP now binds to adenlate cyclase what comes out from this process is cAMP cAMP activates protein kinase A phospholipase C initiates 2 second messengers DAG diacetyol gluserol and IP3 DAG activates protein kinase C IP3 binds to fast ligand gated channels in the ER Channel will open up and cause efflux of calcium out of the ER into the cytosol Calcium can either directly cause a response within the cell or calmodulin binding to it 15 Protein Synthesis Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein DNA RNA transcription RNA Protein translation 16 Process of protein formation DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus mRNA leaves the nucleus