Final Study Guide Article II The Presidency 1 Non Constitutional Presidential Power Head of the government engages in the making and enforcement of policies Head of the state ceremonial leader of the nation nation s primary representative Party leader highest profile member and primary leader of political party Effective coordination between and among the president and his congressional partisans increase power Media media coverage Going public Divided government tends to reduce a president s capacity to influence and control congressional decisions Skillful use of bargaining picking battles 2 A divided government is better for the economy 3 Presidential Power by Richard Neustadt presidential power is the power to persuade skillful use of bargaining picking battles choosing priorities effective use of media and public approval president must depend on others to get things done 4 Presidential Character by James David Barber Active Positive Character energetic confident positive adaptive enjoys politics and exercise of power Ex Thomas Jefferson F D Roosevelt H Truman J F Kennedy G Ford Active Negative Character worst character energetic compulsive rigid pessimistic power for self gratification highly driven little joy for politics Ex John Adams W Wilson H Hoover A Lincoln L B Johnson R Nixon Passive Positive Character optimistic seek approval reactionary Ex James Madison W H Taft W Harding R Reagan Bill Clinton Passive Negative Character sense of duty avoid power and conflict responds principles over politics Ex George Washington C Coolidge D Eisenhower 5 Electoral College see handouts pg 1 U S Foreign Policy 1 Foreign Policy the general plan followed by a nation in defending and advancing its national interests especially its security against foreign threats 2 Bases of Constitutional Authority in Foreign Policy Congressional raise revenue legislate and appropriate funds regulate commerce with foreign nations create support and maintain a military declare war senate confirmation of appointments and ratification of treaties Presidential receive foreign ambassadors appoint executive officers and foreign ambassadors commander in chief of the armed forces 3 State Department The executive department primarily responsible for the formulation and execution of U S foreign policy Ambassadors and foreign service officers conduct the day to day diplomacy in foreign countries Department of Defense The executive department responsible for unifying and coordinating the policies and actions of the military branches National Security Council An EOP council responsible for coordinating domestic foreign and military affairs in order to create a more coherent source of advice to help the president formulate foreign policy and ensure national security Department of Homeland Security The executive department created after 9 11 vested with responsibility to Prevent terrorism Secure U S borders and administer immigration laws Safeguard and secure cyberspace Ensure resilience to disasters The Intelligence Community DNI Serves as the principle advisor to the president and the National Security Council responsible for coordinating the information and activities of the intelligence community FBI Department of Justice CIA Independent NSA Department of Defense 4 Foreign Policy Perspectives printed picture table 5 Realism Humans are naturally prone to wickedness The international system is chaotic harsh and dangerous each nation state must look to its own defense and self preservation The key to self preservation and defense is the acquisition and maintenance of power lubricated by alliances to establish a balance of power in the international realm Moral considerations should not blind nation states of the reality that international relations is ultimately a struggle for power in dangerous environment International laws and organizations are ineffective and idealistic they cannot be relied upon to ensure peace Machiavelli Hans Morganthau Henry Kissinger Idealism Humans are naturally good and rational human progress through cooperation peace and utopia is possible Conflict among nation states is primarily structurally induced hence change in the international structure can facilitate deficiencies cooperative and peaceful behavior Moral and ethical considerations should guide the establishment of international structures and member behaviors The establishment of international organizations and norms of behavior along with strong and enforceable international laws can diminish international chaos uncertainty and suspicion thereby enhancing peace Plato Ghandi Woodrow Wilson Bertrand Russell 6 Walter Russell Mead s Four Perspectives on Foreign Policy Jeffersonians Emphasis Protection and nourishment of U S democracy and exceptionalism Neo isolationists America should avoid foreign entanglements and commitments which compromise our principles and our democracy Jacksonians Emphasis Physical security and economic well being of the U S Do not seek international conflict or quarrels but if these occur victory should be procured at all costs Hamiltonians Emphasis Economic prosperity through global interaction and trade Seek to create an international environment conducive to American economic interests Wilsonians Emphasis Spread American values and democracy abroad Active U S involvement and leadership in the world to create international peace and prosperity 7 Foreign Policy During Isolationism withdrawal from the political entanglements of Europe never total defense establishments and commitments limited superpower Cold War prolonged period of tension between U S and Soviet union containment was the foreign policy used containing of Soviets NATO organization to defend against Soviet expansionism nation building policy to shore up countries economically and demographically End of Cold War policy of peace and strength combating communism by building up the military Enlargement and Engagement increasing the spread of market economies and increasing the U S role in global affairs Berlin Wall torn down America won Vietnam era Nixon Doctrine restricted U S military intervention abroad dente relaxed tensions Hot War on Terrorism U S war against Taliban Preemptive Action acting against a group or nation that poses a threat to the U S Global Policy a plan for defending and advancing national interests includes social environmental and national concerns Free Trade economic policy that allows trade in different nations without