WOH 1023 Midterm Exam Chinampas small stationary artificial island built on a freshwater lake for agricultural purposes Chinampan was the ancient name for the southwestern region of the Valley of Mexico the region of Xochimilco and it was there that the technique was and is still most widely used It consists in building up a number of narrow islands each averaging some 6 to 10 meters 20 to 35 feet wide and some 100 to 200 meters 325 to 650 feet long using layers of vegetation dirt and mud The lake provides the chinampa with moisture laden with decomposing organic wastes that irrigate and fertilize the island s soil supporting an intensive and highly productive form of cultivation Ayllus Ayllu is the traditional form of a community in the Andes especially among Quechuas and Aymaras They are an indigenous local government model across the Andes region of South America particularly in Bolivia and Peru Ayllus functioned prior to Inca conquest during the Inca and Spanish colonial period and continue to exist to the present day Ayllus were essentially extended family groups but they could adopt non related members giving individual families more variation and security of the land that they farmed The head of an Ayllu is called a Mallku which means literally Condor but is a title which can be roughly transliterated as prince They would often have their own huaca or minor god usually embodied in a physical object such as a mountain or rock They were usually led by a chief called a curaca but could have other political arrangements Pachacuti He was the ninth Sapa Inca 1438 1471 1472 of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the empire Tawantinsuyu or the Inca Empire Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti He was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who from ruling a simple chiefdom came to rule a great empire the Tawantinsuyu Although his father Viracocha Inca had not designated him as successor he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother Urco Inca fled the manor He began an era of conquest that within three generations expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America Sumerian Society Was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia modern day southern Iraq and Kuwait during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Although the earliest forms of writing in the region do not go back much further than c 3500 BC modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c 5500 and 4000 BC by a non Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in Sumer draining the marshes for agriculture developing trade and establishing industries including weaving leatherwork metalwork masonry and pottery Cloth in Inca Society In the Inca society cloth used for trade and a sign of wealth these clothes were made from either wool or cotton Norte Chico was the Egyptian cotton used to make the clothes for trade and wear During the same time clothes were given to the husband of a bride to show either the wife s wealth or her family s wealth In addition the clothes being made in the Atacamo dessert we see the first money being produced and the myth of creation is introduced saying that because of cloth evolution happened in the world Five Pillars of Islam 1 Witness Shahada to give witness or testimony that there is no other God then Allah 2 Worship Salat Ritual prayer that happens 5 times a day men go to the mosque on Fridays and women worship at home 3 Tithing Zakat giving money to the poor donations to the church and was initially started through governmental taxes 4 Fasting Swam In Islamic faith Muslim fast starts during the month of Ramadan and ends after that They can have no food from sunrise to sunset they pray all day and are abstinence all day long 5 Pilgrimage Hajj the holy trip to mecca in the 12th month all adults must do it once before they die Quran Koran the Islamic sacred book believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic The Koran consists of 114 units of varying lengths known as suras the first Sura is said as part of the ritual prayer These touch upon all aspects of human existence including matters of doctrine social organization and legislation Ka aba a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham Muslims turn in its direction when praying This is also the location for most pilgrimage as is endowed by the five pillars of truth Seljuk Turks was a Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia The Seljuk s established both the Great Seljuk Empire and Sultanate of Rum which at their total height stretched from Anatolia through Persia and were targets of the First Crusade The leader was Tughril Beg in 1055 he was given the title of Sultan and from this he took over the Bezyentine Empire he also had complete control over everything meaning the church to Koumiss a drink made from fermented mare s milk used also as a medicine by Asian nomads In the pre 900s the Turkish Nomads drank this drink as substance and paired with other foods Chinggis Khan was born Temujin was the founder and Great Khan emperor of the Mongol Empire which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia These included raids or invasions of the Kara Khitan Khanate Caucasus Khwarezmid Empire Western Xia and Jin dynasties These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations especially in the Khwarezmian controlled lands By the end of his life the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China Khanates is a Mongolian originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan or Khagan In modern Turkish the word used is ka anl k or hanl k and in modern Azeri of the republic of Azerbaijan xanl q In Mongolian the word khanlig is used as in Khereidiin Khanlig meaning the