EXAM 4 Review Topics Listed below are some of the key topics discussed in class This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of lessons 16 20 for that you should go over your notes You are ultimately responsible for all of the information that was presented in class Lesson 16 What are the functions of the medulla oblongata and pons Which nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons perform what functions The Medulla Oblongata Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes Controls visceral functions Nuclei in the Medulla Autonomic nuclei control visceral activities Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves Relay stations along sensory and motor pathways The Pons Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V VI VII VIII Nuclei involved with respiration Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center Modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity Nucei that process and relay information to and from cerebellum Ascending descending and transverse tracts Transverse fibers axons Link nuclei of pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere What are the functions of the cerebellum Functions of the Cerebellum Adjusts postural muscles Fine tunes conscious and subconscious movements What is the arbor vitae Arbor vitae tree of life Highly branched internal white matter of cerebellum Cerebellar nuclei embedded in arbor vitae Relay information to Purkinje cells What is ataxia and how is it related to the cerebellum Disorders of the Cerebellum Ataxia Damage from trauma or stroke Disturbs muscle coordination Intoxication temporary impairment Which structures in the midbrain are responsible for what functions Structures of the Midbrain Tectum processes visual and auditory sensations Tegmentum affects limb position and muscle tone Reticular activating system What are the components of the diencephalon What are the functions of those components The Diencephalon Integrates sensory information and motor commands Consists of the thalamus epithalamus and hypothalamus The pineal gland Found in posterior epithalamus Secretes hormone melatonin What are the 8 functions of the hypothalamus Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus 1 Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle 2 Controls autonomic function 3 Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems 4 Secretes hormones Antidiuretic hormone ADH by supraoptic nucleus Oxytocin OT OXT by paraventricular nucleus 5 Produces emotions and behavioral drives The feeding center hunger The thirst center thirst 6 Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions 7 Regulates body temperature Preoptic area of hypothalamus 8 Controls circadian rhythms day night cycles Suprachiasmatic nucleus What are the functions of the limbic system What are the components of that system The Limbic System Is a functional grouping that Establishes emotional states Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem Facilitates memory storage and retrieval Consists of regions of the cerebrum and diencephalon What structures would you find in the cerebrum How are these structures related to their functional regions The Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions Processes somatic sensory and motor information Gray Matter In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei White Matter Deep to basal cortex Structures of the Cerebrum Lobes divisions of hemispheres Gyri of neural cortex Increase surface area number of cortical neurons Longitudinal fissure Separates cerebral hemispheres Central sulcus divides anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe Lateral sulcus divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe Parieto occipital sulcus divides parietal lobe from occipital lobe What is the difference between Wernicke s area and Broca s area General Interpretive Area Present in only one hemisphere Also called Wernicke s area Receives information from all sensory association areas Coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories What are the three functional principles of the cerebrum Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to the opposite side of the body The two hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise What is the difference between association fibers commissural fibers and projection fibers White Matter of the Cerebrum Association fibers Connections within one hemisphere Commissural fibers Projection fibers Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres Connect cerebrum with lower areas Are there any differences in function between the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum If so what are they The Left Hemisphere In most people left brain dominant hemisphere controls Reading writing and math Decision making Speech and language The Right Hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere relates to Senses touch smell sight taste feel Recognition faces voice inflections What are the four categories of brain waves and what do they represent Four Categories of Brain Waves 1 Alpha waves Found in healthy awake adults at rest with eyes closed Higher frequency Found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed 2 Beta waves 3 Theta waves 4 Delta waves Found in children Found in intensely frustrated adults May indicate brain disorder in adults During sleep Found in awake adults with brain damage What happens if there is desynchronization between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum Synchronization A pacemaker mechanism Synchronizes electrical activity between hemispheres Brain damage can cause desynchronization What are the 12 cranial nerves and their functions Cranial Nerves 1 Olfactory Nerves I sensory function smell 2 Optic Nerves II sensory function vision 3 Oculomotor Nerves III motor function eye movement iris 4 Trochlear Nerves IV motor function eye movement 5 Trigeminal Nerves V sensory face mouth and motor mouth 6 Abducens Nerves VI motor function eye movement 7 Facial Nerves VII sensory taste and motor function facial expressions 8 Vestibulocochlear Nerves VIII sensory function hearing 9 Glossopharyngeal Nerves IX sensory taste and motor function head balance equilibrium and neck 10 Vagus Nerves X sensory viscera and motor digestive respiratory 11 Accessory Nerves XI motor function neck upper back 12 Hypoglossal Nerves XII motor function tongue movement Lesson 17 How is
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