AN NTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LESSON 1 Classification of Living things o Humans and any other animals are vertebrates Characterized by segmented vertebral column o Common characteristics suggest the same path in evolution Two important principles Structural and functional similarities among vertebrates Form determines function Homeostasis Is the goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment Anatomy Describes the structure of the body o What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Considered the oldest medical science 1600 B C Egyptians show basic knowledge of blood vessels o To prevent confusion names of body structure were standardized in 1998 by two scientific organization in the publication Terminologia Anatomica Physiology is the study of o Functions of anatomical structures o Individual and cooperative functions Note an anatomist might study how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton while a physiologist might study how a muscle contracts or effects of muscle contraction on the skeleton Anatomy and physiology are closely related o Anatomical structure an give clues about function o Physiology mechanisms can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy o All specific functions are performed by specific structures Anatomy dynamic field o Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy Examines large visible structures Gross anatomy includes Surface anatomy exterior features Regional anatomy body areas Development anatomy from conception to death Clinical anatomy medical specialties Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Systemic anatomy organ systems o Cytology the study of cells and their structures Cyt cell Histology study of tissues and their structures Physiology study of function Branches include o Cell physiology processes within and between cells o Organ physiology functions of specific organs o Systemic physiology functions of an organ system o Pathological physiology effects of diseases Levels of Organization o The Chemical or molecular Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together Cells are a group of atoms molecules or organelles working o The cellular Level together o The Tissue Level o The Organ level A tissue is a group of similar cells working together An organ is a group of different tissues working together o The Organ System Level An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems o The Organism Level A human is an organism The organ Systems o Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Functions Protects against environment Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information o Skeletal Major organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions o Muscular Major organs Functions Provides support and protection from other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Forms blood vessels Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Provides movement Provides protection and support from other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature o Nervous Major organs Brain Peripheral nerves Sense organs Spinal cord Functions Directs immediate response to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ Provides and interprets sensory information about systems external conditions o Endocrine Major organs Pituitary gland Pancreas Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Functions Directs long term changes n the activities of other organ Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during systems development o Cardiovascular Major organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions Distributes blood cells water and dissolved materials including nutrients waste products oxygen and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature o Lymphatic Major organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels lymph nodes tonsils Functions Defend against infection and disease Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream o Respiratory Major organs Alveoli Functions o Digestive Major organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea bronchi Lungs Delivers air to alveoli sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Teeth tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves o Urinary Major organs Functions o Male reproductive Major organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Testes Epididymides Ductus deferntia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum Functions Produces male sex cells sperm suspending fluids and hormones Sexual intercourse o Female reproductive Major organs Mammary glands Functions Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Produces female sex cells oocytes and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse Homeostasis vital to an organisms survival o All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range body temperature fluid balance Mechanisms of regulation two general mechanisms o Autoregulation intrinsic Automatic response in a cell tissue or organ to some environmental change Ex Hypoxia causes cell to release vasodilators to increase blood flow o Extrinsic regulation responses controlled by nervous and endocrine system increase blood flow Ex Nervous and endocrine system increases heart rate to Nervous system generally faster response but short duration than endocrine system regulation Homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts o Receptor sensor that receives the stimulus or environmental o Control integration center processes the sign and sends change instructions o Effector carries out instructions from the control center The role of Negative Feedback o The response of the effector negates the stimulus o Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved Ex Thermoregulation osmoregulation blood glucose levels The role of Positive Feedback o
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