Cross Cultural Management Test 2 Reivew Know for test Troumpanaar Hofstead GLOBE and cultural dimensions distinguish between all aspects of the three lots of questions 4 types of cultural incubator Eiffel tower chart All the isms Simplification globalization imperative concepts Variations of culture ones that are dominant in the US Phases of evolutionary phases CH 6 Orientations and different aspects of the phases Different cultural groups and their compositions homogeneous token etc Potential advantages and disadvantages of diversity Doing business in EVERY ONE Vocabulary for each Hairl and the appraisal system Maps from Troumpanaar and Hofstead describe the two clusters and what it means Three spotlights Map and capitals of Africa Chapter 4 Meanings and Dimensions of culture Culture acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior Characteristics Nature of culture Learned Shared Trans generational Symbolic Patterned Adaptive Story of Partner baking firm in NY pg 109 o Chinese names first names come last and last names come first o Called them Mr Charlie Mr Ed o Differences in culture Cultural Diversity Culture impacts how people behave o Handshake o Priorities of values o Affect on management approaches Individual vs group rewards Informal vs formal procedures Centralized vs decentralized decision making Safety vs risk High vs low org loyalty Cooperation vs competition Short term vs long term horizons Stability vs innovation Cultural Diversity model Testing basic assumptions Business customs in South Africa from the spotlight Comparing cultures as overlapping normal distributions Stereotyping from the cultural extremes Value in Culture Values basic convictions that people have regarding what is right wrong good bad and important unimportant Value differences and similarities across cultures o PVQ showed differences o Research shows similarities o Values in transition countries gets stronger Cultural Dimensions From Lecture when MNCs go into a different country culture the culture of both Hofstede s Cultural Dimensions identified five dimensions of culture that help explain how and why people from various cultures behave as they do Two questionnaire surveys 116 000 respondents 70 different countries IBM o Power distance high low The extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally Low decentralized flatter org structure Not upset that others have more power than you Do not blindly obey orders i e google High centralized with tall org structures Strict obedience to superiors Blindly obey orders i e Armed forces o Uncertainty Avoidance low high The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these Low accept welcome risk High want to avoid uncertainty o Individualism collectivism Individualism the tendency of people to look after them selves and their immediate family Collectivism the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and look after each other for exchange of loyalty o Masculinity femininity Masculine dominant values are success money and things Femininity dominant values are caring for others and the quality of life and relationships o Time orientation long term short term Added later to describe long version short term orientation of cultures o CHARTS page 119 122 Trompenaar s Cultural Dimensions o Universalism vs particularism Universalism belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification High Universalism focus more on rules rather than relationships business contracts adhered to closes people believe that a deal is a deal Particularism belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and that something can not be done the same everywhere High Particularism focus more on relationships and trust than formal rules Legal contracts often modified as people trust one another they change the way deals are executed o Individualism vs communitarianism Individualism people regarding themselves as individuals Communitarianism people regarding them selves as part of a group o Neutral vs Emotional naturally o Specific vs diffuse Neutral a culture which emotions are held in check Emotional a culture in which emotions are expressed openly and Specific individuals have a large public space they readily share o Table pages 129 130 GLOBE Project with other and a small private space they guard closely and share only with close friends Diffuse public private spaces are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well o Achievement vs Ascription o Time Achievement people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions Ascription status is attributed based on who or what a person is Sequential prevalent people do only one activity at a tim keep appointments strictly people follow plans Synchronous common people tend to do more than one activity at a time and may be changed at a moment s notice o Environment Inner directed belief in controlling outcomes Outer directed belief in letting things take their own course o Uncertainty avoidance o Power distance o Collectivism I Social Collectivism refers to degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action o Collectivism II In group collectivism refers to the degree to which individuals express pride loyalty and cohesiveness in their organizations and families o Gender egalitarianism extent to which organizations or society minimize gender role difference and gender discrimination o Assertiveness degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive confrontational and aggressive in social relationships o Future orientation extent to which individuals engage in future orientated behaviors such as planning investing in the future and delaying gratification o Performance orientation extent to which organization or society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement o Humane orientation degree to which individuals in organizations and societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair altruistic friendly generous caring and kind to others o Tables and figures on page 132 133 Summary Spotlight South Africa Government presidential democracy