BSC2085 01 Fall 2012 Exam 1 Review Topics Listed below are some of the key topics discussed in class This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of Lessons 1 6 for that you should go over your notes However it does cover some of the key topics and concepts discussed in lecture Lesson 1 What is anatomy and what is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy Anatomy describes the structures of the body what they are made of where they are located and associated structures o Considered the oldest medical science Gross anatomy Examines large visible structures Microscopic Anatomy examines cells and molecules What are the subfields to anatomy Gross anatomy includes o Surface anatomy exterior features o Regional Anatomy body areas o Systemic anatomy organ systems o Developmental anatomy from conception to death o Clinical anatomy medical specialties Microscopic Anatomy includes o Cytology study of CELLS and their structures cyt cell o Histology study of TISSUES and their structures What is the Terminologia Anatomica and why is that important to anatomists Publication where the names of body structures were standardized to prevent confusion What is physiology and what are the different branches of physiology Physiology study of function Branches include o Cell Physiology processes within and between cells o Organ Physiology functions of specific organs o Systemic Physiology functions of an organ system o Pathological physiology effects of disease What are the six levels of organization Can you explain what each level involves The Chemical molecular level o Atoms are the smallest chemical units o Molecules are a group of atoms working together Ex Atoms in combination complex protein molecules and protein filaments o Cells are a group of atoms molecules and organells working together The Cellular level The Tissue level The Organ level o A tissue is a group of similar cells working together o An organ is a group of different tissues working together The Organ System Level o An organ system is a group of organs working together o Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism level o A human is an organism Molecular cellular tissue organ organ system organism What are the 11 major organ systems in the human body Can you briefly describe each system Integumentary o Major Organs skin hair sweat glands nails o Functions Protects against environmental hazards helps regulate body temperature provides sensory information Skeletal Muscular Nervous o Major Organs Bones cartilage associated ligaments bone marrow o Functions Provides support and protection from other tissues Forms blood cells Stores calcium and other minerals o Major Organs skeletal muscles and associated tendons o Functions Provide movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that mains body temperature o Major Organs Brain spinal cord peripheral nerves sense organs o Functions Directs immediate response to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external Endocrine conditions o Major Organs Pituitary gland pancreas gonads endocrine tissues in other systems thyroid gland adrenal glands o Functions systems Directs long term changes in the acitivities of other organ Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during Cardiovascular development o Major Organs Heart blood vessels and blood o Functions Distributes blood cells water and dissolved materials including nutrients waste products oxygen and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature o Major Organs Spleen thymus lymphatic vessels lymph nodes Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluid to the blood stream o Major Organs Nasal cavities sinuses larynx trachea bronchi lungs Lymphatic tonsils o Functions Respiratory aveoli o Functions Delivers air to alveoli sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs Provides oxygen to the bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Digestive o Major Organs Teeth tongue pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver gallbladder pancreas o Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves Urinary o Major Organs Kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra o Functions Excretes wast products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimation Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Male Reproductive o Major Organs Testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland penis scrotum o Functions Produces male sex cells sperm suspending fluids and hormones Sexual intercourse Female Reproductive mammary glands o Functions o Major Organs ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina labia clitoris Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Produces female sex cells oocytes and hormones Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse Which one of the 11 major systems can a human being live without Reproductive system What is homeostasis What mechanism s is are used to maintain homeostasis What mechanism s move the conditions further away from the set point Can you give an example for each mechanism Homeostasis vital to an organism s survival state of equilibrium o All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment within normal range in response to external and internal changes Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms o Function to return conditions to the set point desired value o Three Parts Receptor sensor that receives the stimulus or environmental Control integration center processes the signal and sends change instructions o Negative Feedback achieved o Positive Feedback Effector carries out instructions from the control center The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis normal range is Ex Thermoregulation osmoregulation blood glucose levels The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus Body is moved away from homeostasis normal range is lost Used to speed up processes Ex Blood clotting uterine contraction during child delivery o Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve negative feedback What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of homeostasis and NOT positive feedback o 1 Autoregulation intrinsic autonomic response in a cell tissue or organ to some environmental
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