Lesson 5 6 Exam 2 Review 1 What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those components The heart Blood vessels The blood o The heart s role is to function as a pump o The blood vessel s function as a conducting system 2 What is the function and characteristics of blood o The blood functions as a fluid medium Blood specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells formed elements suspended in a fluid matrix plasma o Functions Transports materials to and from cells Transportation of dissolved substances Regulation of pH and ions Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites Defense against toxins and pathogens Stabilization of body temperature o Characteristics The normal temperature of blood is 38 degrees C or 100 4 degrees F Blood has a high viscosity Blood is slightly alkaline basic with a pH between 7 35 Blood volume is measured in liters and is 7 of one s and 7 45 body weight Adult male 5 to 6 liters of blood 5 3 6 4 quarts Adult female 4 to 5 liters of blood 4 2 5 3 quarts Loss of 10 of blood volume will cause a decrease in blood pressure 3 What is blood composed of Plasma fluid component or fluid matrix that makes up 50 60 of blood volume consists of o Water more than 90 of plasma o Dissolved plasma proteins o Other solutes Formed elements cells suspended in fluid matrix o All cells and solids including platelets 4 What are the formed elements Three types of formed elements 1 Red Blood Cells RBCs or erythrocytes a Transport oxygen 2 White Blood Cells WBCs or leukocytes a Part of the immune system body s defense 3 Platelets Hemopoiesis and lymphoid stem cells Fractionation by centrifugation a Cell fragments involved in clotting process of producing formed elements from myeloid process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis o Separation into plasma and formed elements a thin buffy coat composed of platelets and white blood cells found between red blood cell pellet and plasma 5 What is plasma composed of The composition of plasma o Makes up 50 60 of blood volume o More than 90 of plasma is water o Extracellular fluids Interstitial fluid IF and plasma Materials plasma IF exchange across capillary walls Water Ions Small solutes o Plasma proteins more than 90 made in the liver Albumins 60 Globulins 35 Transport substances such as fatty acids thyroid hormones and steroid hormones Antibodies also called immunoglobulins o Antibodies are made by plasma cells activated B lymphocytes Transport globulins small molecules hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins lipoproteins and steroid binding proteins Fibrinogen 4 Molecules that form clots and produce long insoluble strands of fibrin Other plasma proteins 1 Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins Peptide hormones normally present in circulating blood made by endocrine organs o Insulin prolactin PRL and the glycoproteins thyroid stimulating hormones TSH follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH 6 What is the difference between plasma serum and interstitial fluid fluid component of blood that contains water plasma Plasma proteins and other solutes Serum liquid part of a blood sample o Produced when dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid o Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca 2 removed during the fibrin clotting process Interstitial fluid cell that exchanges materials with plasma across capillary walls also known as extracellular fluid fluid outside the 7 What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell Red blood cells RBCs make up 99 9 of blood s formed elements Function o Transport respiratory gases especially oxygen Characteristics o Small and highly specialized cells o Thin in middle and thicker at edge o Lack nuclei mitochondria and ribosomes Can t repair itself and utilizes anaerobic metabolism for energy Live about 120 days 8 Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function Three important effects of red blood cell shape on function o High surface to volume ratio Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen o Discs form stacks called rouleaux Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels o Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries 7 8 micrometer RBC passes through a 4 micrometer 9 What is hemoglobin Hb capillary Hemoglobin functions to transport respiratory gases the protein molecule that gives whole blood its color o Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide o Normal hemoglobin adult male 14 18g dL whole blood o Normal hemoglobin adult female 12 16g dL whole blood 10 Why is hemoglobin important to the function of erythrocytes Hemoglobin function to carry oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues the function of RBC is to transport oxygen without adequate hemoglobin RBCs cannot transport oxygen to other cells and tissues At tissues with low oxygen peripheral capillaries 2 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits o Hemoglobin releases oxygen o Binds carbon dioxide and carries it to its lungs When bound to carbon dioxide forms carbaminohemoglobin 11 Why is iron important for hemoglobin and what happens if there isn t enough dietary iron Hemoglobin structure o Complex quaternary structure o Four globular protein subunits Each one with one molecule of heme o Each heme contains one iron ion The iron ion Associate easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin Disassociate easily from oxygen deoxyhemoglobin o Iron is important for hemoglobin to associate and bind with oxygen to transport it to peripheral tissues o Without enough dietary iron hemoglobin will not transport oxygen and a person could have iron deficiency anemia 12 What is the difference between fetal hemoglobin adult hemoglobin and hemoglobin found in people with sickle cell anemia Fetal hemoglobin strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos o Takes oxygen from mother s oxygen o Thalassemia inability to produce enough hemoglobin subunits Causes reduction of RBC production and fragile short lived RBC s affecting development and growth If severe may require periodic blood transfusions or treated by converting adult hemoglobin normal hemoglobin 14 18g dL male or 12 16g dL female to fetal hemoglobin with hydroxyurea or butyrate caused by a mutation of an amino acid in beta chain Sickle cell anemia of hemoglobin o Lox oxygen levels cause mutated hemoglobin to alter RBC shape making it stiff and easily damaged Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries 13 What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin
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