WOH1023 Midterm Study Guide Scholar al Shafi i insists Muhammad s laws provided all legal guidance places the ulama Muslim scholars at the heart of Islam and not the caliphs Reading Key Terms o Opens sharp division within Islam secular realm and religious sphere o 767 820 CE o Considered the founder of Islamic jurisprudence Barmaki family served several generations in high administrative offices under the Abbasids who ruled in Baghdad o Came from the central Asian city of Balkh o Job Make sure that all wealth and talent from the crossroads of Asia found their way to Baghdad o Devoted patrons of the arts Sanskrit manuscripts Promoted and collected Arabic translations of Persian Greek and One of their prot g s was the Islamic cleric al Bukhari who was Islam s most dedicated collector of hadith provided knowledge about the Prophet s life Division within Islam o Sunnis majority of Muslims accept the four caliphs and then to the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties as the right succession Notable Sunni dynasty Ottomans o Shiites believe successor should have been Ali who married the Prophet s daughter Fatima and his descendents Imams Ali s descendents Notable Shiite dynasty Safavids Empress Wu 684 705 CE o Exploited the examination system to check the power of aristocratic families o Born into noble family and at age 13 she was recruited to Li Shimin s court where she became his favorite concubine When Li Shimin dies his son assumed power and became Emperor Gaozong Wu was his favorite concubine and gave birth to his sons Took the place of Gaozong s Empress Wang by accusing her of killing Wu s newborn daughter o Created a secret police force to spy on her opposition and jailed killed those who stood in her way expanded military o Placed her youngest son in power and named herself as his regent becoming the only female ruler in Chinese history o Ordered scholars to write biographies of famous women assigned high political posts to her relatives o Moved court from Chang an to Luoyang o Chinese Buddhism achieves its highest officially sponsored developments in this period Eunuchs castrated men o Tang Dynasty eunuchs from the lower classes protected the royal family Chief Eunuch controlled the military Under Emperor Xianzong eunuchs were a third pillar of government o Abbasids eunuchs protected the harem Koryo Dynasty 918 1392 o 936 CE Wang Kon a rebel leader absorbed Silla into the Koryo kingdom which reunified the country o Enacted a bureaucratic system replacing the archaic tribal system and a land allotment system Established Tang style civil service examinations to select officials who would govern the court and provinces o Faced continual harassment from northern tribes The Khitan 1010 Korean artisans carved wooden printing blocks for 81 258 scriptures as an offering to the Buddha to protect them from enemies most comprehensive and intact version of the Buddhist canon written in the Chinese script The Mongols 1231 Yamato Empire incorporates native Japanese and Korean migrants o Make national religion Shinto the way of the deities Derived from the early Japanese groups who believed that after death a person s soul spirit became a Shinto kami or local deity provided that it was nourished and purified through proper rituals and festivals o Origins 4th century Tomb Culture of the Yamato plain Claimed direct lineage from the primary Shinto deity Amaterasu the Sun Goddess and creator of the sacred islands of Japan o 587 CE Soga kinship group becomes Japan s leading family Prince Shotoku 574 622 CE Contemporary Japanese scribes claim he rather than Korean immigrants introduced Buddhism to Japan and that his reign sparked Japan s rise as an island kingdom o 645 CE Nakatomi kinship group seizes the throne and eliminates the Soga Nakatomi no Kamatari 614 669 CE enacts a series of reforms known as the Taika Reform that reflected Confucian principles of government Reforms enhance power of ruler now an exalted emperor tenno who ruled by the mandate of heaven exercising absolute authority Charlemagne King of Franks o Franks vigorously engaged in trade based on war Europe s principal export was Europeans and the massive sale of prisoners of war financed the Frankish empire Slaves Slavic speaking people tribal hunters cultivators from E Europe Saint Patrick Patricius o Captured by Irish slave raiders as a teenager spent six years herding pigs on the Atlantic coast of Mayo Christianity Escaped but returned years later to convert his former captors to Making the Irish Christians also makes them Romans Known for bringing Christianity to the Atlantic edge Christian empire uses Greek fire a combination of petroleum and potassium that would explode on the water to fight off the Vikings who wished to capture Constantinople The Shona in E Africa o Grew rich by mining ore found up to 50 small religious and political centers 1100 CE Great Zimbabwe one of the great centers had an impressive landmark that probably housed the king and may have contained smelters for melting down gold Dhimma system Islam s political system that accepted non Muslim religious toleration as long as they paid a special tax the jizya o This system spared the regions some of the religious conflict that afflicted other areas and made it hospitable for traders Rajas rival chiefs in India who considered themselves kings head of the family or the person who controlled land and resources o Had support from Brahmans who received land from the rajas in return for spreading the faith and elaborate genealogies Sultans invading Turks into India became sultans or political leaders who combined a warrior ethos with a devotion to Islam o Upset the balance of raja kingdoms o Regard Persian literature as a high cultural achievement Delhi Sultanate 1206 1526 most powerful and enduring of the Turkish Muslim regimes of N India mosques o Sultans did not force their subjects to convert but they built palaces and o Brought political integration but did not enforce cultural homogeneity o Punjab core area of Delhi Sultanate Hindustani an Indian language incorporating Persian and Arabic words became the root language of Hindi and Urdu Between 1100 and 1200 some 200 000 farmers emigrated from Flanders Holland and N Germany into E frontiers o E Europe offers promise of freedom from the feudal lords and of forced labor o Kiev becomes larger than Paris with a population of 20 000 Under Iaroslav the Wise 1016 1054 Kiev becomes a small scale Constantinople coins the