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EXAM 1:1. What do all Anthropologists study?Human kind2. The ability to accurately cross-date tree rings within a limited region is based on the fact that the patterns in ring width is associated with:seasonal variation effecting all tress in a given area3. The Moundbuilder Myth provides an example of:How the social, cultural and political beliefs can influence archaeological theories4. The field of Anthropology strives to be holistic discipline in that:All aspects of humanity are considered and studied5. An artifact’s provenience is:The artifact’s location relative to a system of spatial data collection (longitude and latitude)6. The goal when performing ground reconnaissance survey is to:Find every site in a region7. The difference between scientific accuracy and precision is that accuracy measures the distance from a variables true value, while precision measures the repeatability of a test to show the same result. When archaeologists use 2 standard deviations (ex: 5000-4200BC) instead of 1 (ex: 4800-4400BC), the:accuracy increases while the precision decreases8. Geographic information systems (GIS) are:Computer programs designed to store, retrieve, analyze and display cartographic data9. Genetically, modern humans today are extremely homogenous. This is likely due to an evolutionary bottleneck that occurred:200,000 years ago in Africa10. Historically, the Speculative Approach to Archaeology focused on:Collecting ancient relics for personal collections and display11. What principles from Charles Darwin’s 1859 publication of “On the Origin of Species” challenged long held scientific beliefs?all of the above (species are organized in nature as a “branching tree”, species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species, the mechanism of change was natural selection)12. The major limiting factors for Archaeological Research are:time, money and people13. The half-life of Carbon 14 is:5,730 years14. Charles Lyell’s 1865 book The Geologic Evidence for the Antiquity of Man was important because it:Argued for an extremely old age of the earth (more than 6,000 years old) via the process of uniformitarianism15. Traditional sampling strategies include:random sampling16. In radiocarbon dating, the death of an organism essentially “zeros the scale” because it:ends the intake of Carbon 1417. The time taken for half of the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay is called its:half-life18. A specialist from which of the four subfield of anthropology would be most likely to study ritual, belief and kinship systems among the people in contemporary societies?Cultural anthropology19. Radiometric dating techniques are based on the principle that over time:unstable isotopes decay into stable isotopes20. C.J. Thomsen’s Thee Age System (stone age – bronze age – iron age) in Europe demonstrates the misapplication of Darwin’s ideas through belief in:Unilinear cultural evolution21. The usefulness of aerial photography for archaeology:Lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground22. The reason that radiocarbon dating results must be calibrated (from BP to BC) is that, contrary to what Libby assumed,the concentration of Carbon 14 in the atmosphere has actually varied over time23. What types of environment are most advantageous for preservation of organic materials?Cold temperatures, dry, or wet (anaerobic)24. The law of superposition states that:the farther down you go, the older things are25. In order to obtain absolute dates from volcanic material in very early contexts (over 1 million years ago), you would probably choose to use:potassium-argon dating26. The definition of an artifact is:object modified or made by people27. The Classificatory Period in Archaeology is known for:creating regional chronologies and describing regional change over time28. Utilizing specific sequences (patterns) of stratigraphy between sites for relative dating purposes is called:cross-dating29. Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, is considered the first scientific archaeologist in America based on his work involving his:notes on the aborigines of Virginia, their origin, and the detailed excavation of burial mounds30. Defining characteristics of Australopithecines includeall of the above (small bodies, relatively small brains, bipedal locomotion)31. When performing burial analyses, researchers understand that:all of the above (the way an individual is treated in life is reflected in treatment after death, people do not bury themselves, artifacts are intentionally placed into a burial)32. When developing a research design, the first and most important determining factor is:the question you are asking33. Louis Binford’s Processual Approach stresses the use of:data and objectivity34. Waterlogged sites such as Ozette on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula demonstrate:how organic remains can be remarkably preserved if saturated by water and sealed in an anaerobic environment35. To determine if an animal has been hunted or scavenged, researchers look for:all of the above (proportion of cut marks on meaty vs. nonmeaty sections of the fauna, the age distribution of the butchered animals on the site, the intersections of hominin tool marks and carnivore tooth marks)36. How could an archaeologist tell if flowing water rather than human behavior was responsible for the deposition of artifacts at an archaeological site?Small artifacts and unmodified rocks might be mixed with owl pellets37. Based on the principles of Luminescent dating, the amount of accumulated radiation that is released from an artifact (like pottery) is directly correlated to:the time since the artifact was last heated38. Taphonomy is:the study of the site formation, considering both natural and cultural processes39. Tropical climates do not promote organic preservation due to the:high levels of humidity40. Middle Range Theory techniques, such as experimental archaeology, tries to bridge the gap between Low and High range theory by:recreating archaeological artifacts to explain the “How” questions41. At the Varna Cemetery, differences in the number and quality of burial goods amongst individuals most likely indicates:differences in social status of the individuals42. In the Ford-Spalding debate on archaeological types, Ford believed that:the artifact types are created by researchers for their own needs43. A


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FSU ANT 2100 - EXAM 1

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