STUDY GUIDE 2 Chapters 6 7 8 9 Chapter 6 Trends in women s employment and labor force participation and reasons o Increased participation of US women in market work unfolding since early 19th century the labor force o In 1940 less than 20 of the female population age 16 and older was in o 2009 risen to 60 compared to 72 men o This was not necessarily done as a cry for liberation but more of as an o 1980 married women s place was no longer typically in the home o Less than 10 percent of US families are homemaker breadwinner economic necessity configurations o Working wives now contribute about 35 of their families income and women out earn men in about of dual earner families o Causes were due to 1 changes in the economy a transition from a manufacturing to a service economy has had the largest impact 2 decline in real earnings families have become more dependent on women s earnings due to inflation unemployment and less purchasing power 3 personal fulfillment Work outside the home paid work gives women pride worth and identity Trends in the employment and labor force participation of men and reasons o Revolution in paid employment for women coincides with declining o Since 1960 labor force participation rates among men have edged down employment for men gradually from 83 72 in 2009 o Men s work experience is especially affected by 3 macro level trends 1 Structural unemployment Advances in technology and the shift from manufacturing to service and information have had serious consequences for male laborers especially in industrial jobs Four out of five people losing jobs are men 2 The redistribution of jobs As manufacturing jobs have become more scarce men are working in the service sector which pays much less 3 Decline in real wages Men continue to supply the largest part of the family income but the share that women provide is increasing Trends in teen employment than in the past o Contemporary youth are less likely to be employed and work less hours o Teens in higher income families are more likely to work than teens in low income families o Teens enrolled in school are less likely to be employed than those not enrolled in school As rates of high school graduation and advanced education rise teen s rates in the workforce decrease o More involvement in freelance work such as cutting yards and babysitting which is harder to measure o Likelihood of teen employment is related to both social class and race Work family interference o Work shapes family life and family overlaps with work o WORK FAMILY INTERFERENCE the ways in which the connections btw jobs an family life may be a source of tension for workers and family members Spillover positive and negative Transfer of moods feelings and behaviors btw work and family setting o Work to family spillover is more negative o Family to work spillover is less negative o Tends to be a gender phenomenon men s work stress more likely to affect their family life and women s family stress more likely to affect influence their work life Work family role system traditional uneven division of labor in which men s work role take priority over the family role and women even those who work outside the home are to give priority to the family role o Gender Inequality Both family and work impose unequal demands on men and women of men family lives workforce o The demands of family intrude more on women s work roles than on those o For men the role is reversed Their work demands intrude more on their o The work family role system perpetuates women s inequality in the o Marital status frequently has different implications for women and men who are seeking jobs Research on parental time with their children 1975 2000 o Time is a scarce commodity as the economy moves toward a 24 hour seven day a week work schedule little time is left for families o Shift work is on the rise while a full time day schedule is less common o In less than half of dual earning families men and women both work a regular full time schedule o Timing and Scheduling of Work both men and women work more hours than they did 20 years ago The timing of work is a strong determinant of family life o Parents are however maximizing their time with their children and actually spending more quality time with them than 25 years ago o Types of work also impact family 1 White Collar and Professional In general higher occupational prestige and income increase marital stability and marital satisfaction A family may benefit from such success financially however it may force the professional to neglect his or her family 2 Blue collar research has found that the characterisitcs of employment for the industrial working class negatively impact family life New research is focusing on women and their work such as caring for other individuals in homes or nursing center Jobs requiring women work typically pays less This has economic consequences for those doing these jobs and 3 Professional satisfaction from work work may or may not be a source their families of personal satisfaction 4 Dual worker families are now the dominant form in the labor force 5 Wife as a sole provider in the majority of marries couple families are dual earners in about 7 the wife is the sole provider 6 Single Parent Families single parent Almost 1 3 of households with children are maintained by a Nine out of ten single parents are women Because single parents are responsible for the home and being the sole breadwinner they face many obstacles Single mother families have the lowest median income and experience the highest rates of poverty Hochchild s research Second shift and hours o Women s disproportional time in house work child care and home management second shift for employed wives o Interviewed 50 couples of differen classes and races to find out how families attend to the task that must be accomplished before and after paid work o Wives have additional hours spend on second shift of housework and their jobs o Hochchild calculates add up to an extra month o f work each year Interaction work form of invisible labor effort that women do to sustain communication with their mates emotion work form of invisible labor the work of trying to find the right feeling to make and keep everything fine ex mother who promotes a positive father child relationship by offering suggestions for joint activities or by mediating disputes btw father and children consumption work form of invisible labor involves selecting goods and making purchases