CHD 4615 Final Exam Study Guide Week 10-13Black: Lecture notes Red: Further detail from the book Blue: Most possibly on the test- Juvenile Justice Systemo Trends in youth drug use among high school senior students: 1970s: sharp increase 1980s: drop 1990s: slight increase Currently: slight decline in the last 10 years- Marijuana explains a lot of juvenile drug use- Drug arrests are increasingo Contributors to youth and drug use: Social/environmental context is a huge influence on youth drug use- What is a predictor of failure upon youth returning home from juvenile detention following a drug charge?o About 98% will return back home Poverty- Assumed that kids use drugs in poverty, but that’s not necessarily true Rough neighborhoods- Some are “policed” differently from community to community (different attitudes based on how many crimes are in certain neighborhoods) aka “stop and release” Minority status Lack of support- To support their families (mainly African Americans) Background (child abuse, neglect, health) “the thrill” (mainly Hispanics)o Color by Number Clip: Challenges our views of race and criminal justice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO4kCK2GlWQ  Whites have the highest percentages of being juvenile offenders- However children of color are less likely to have their cases dismissed and more likely to receive detention as opposed to probation What does this mean for policy makers?- Justice is not blind What does this mean for practitioners?- They have a hard time differentiating children and criminals who are involved in the juvenile justice systemo Adolescent development The youth are not fully developed socially and emotionally- This gives the court a better understanding how to treat a situation Adolescents are often looking for an identity and may have underdeveloped decision making skills- The brain develops until age of 25o Cerebral context is the last part of the brain to developo Makes kids more impulsiveo They more responsive to rewards than to punishments- As kids mature the more likely they are to stop offending- Label = identityo Risky because we can help create the behavior we think we’re trying to stop (ex: thug)o “Fly Trap”: Once they are in the system, it is very hard to get them out. every time someone violates a probation, we increase those sanctions You often live by this mantra to do what makes them feel good The U.S. was the last to bring the death penalty What is done at this age has a long term impact on their behavior as an adult http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQjNvuQU2o8  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qk2Eo4wxe6w o Current issues: “Chaotic system” of services when it comes to treatment- Matching services to their problems- Severe problemso The Justice system respond largely on the offense there processed witho The higher you go on the severity of the problem the more leverage you have on that person- Lack of supporto social support networko The court naturally responds to your case differently if you have social support Justice vs. therapeutic intervention- Treating youth as adults and current issueso Kids as young as 7 years old can be trialed as adultso 1 in 5 victims of sexual violence in jails and prison are under theage of 18o 36 times more likely to commit suicideo 10,000 children are held in adult jails and prisons every dayo 7,500 have never been convicted of a crimeo Kids in adult prisons is cruel; they are not fully developed yet tohandle ito The U.S. offer life without parole to kidso Rehab:  Model facility: based on rewards rather than punishment Much more effective for rehabilitation youths to become productive members of society In the U.S. it’s rare to have place like thiso http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkkOpRzwZew  It’s hard to match services, may not be services to match severe problems, or offenders may not have the support to make changes There is still a debate whether youth need justice (or punishment) or whether they need to be intervened with at an earlier age to prevent future behaviors What are some pros and cons of each (expenses, social expectations, political party affiliations)- Pros:o Programs like: Education prevention, recreation, physical activity can help- Cons: o Money is not available to for prevention and for programs in school. There is also a debate on who is most responsible for these (parents, taxpayers, schools, etc.)o How do we define the problem? 40% of the population has a drug problem (Linda Teplin Study) There are different ways that we can define youth drug problems- We can respond to crime, not youth’s needs (justice orientated)- Make drug crimes less severe and respond to the individual’s needs (therapeutic oriented)- What are the pros and cons of these approaches? o Cons:  It’s difficult to for the justice system keep justice orientatedand therapeutic oriented topics separate It’s also hard to keep the people in the justice system awareof the two differences It’s a risk to use the legal system there’s a cost to use the legal system marijuana is treated as a social scourgeo Responsibility: Who are the different parties responsible?- Family and government  What are the implications of allowing the government or families to take responsibility for this problem?- You cannot trust the government publications about marijuana because they have systematically lied to us. (The delivery mechanism)- Families believe that they’re child will never have a drug problemo “well, my child would never do that…”o What is currently being done? Intervention: drug treatment referrals per day (2005)- 189 by juvenile justice facilities- 66 by self-referral- 43 by schools- 37 by community organizations- 22 by drug treatment centers- 18 by health care providerso Current statistics 2 million youth per year become involved with the juvenile justice system due to drug charges Number one gateway drug is tobacco, then marijuana 1/3 urban American boys will be arrested by age 18 We are arresting kids for drugs at a higher rate than ever- Because juvenile justice is getting better at identifying individuals who are committing seriously drug problems but there’s not a lot of evidence Funnel metaphor:- Top of the funnelo All the kids that come in who are at low risk ( 50 – 60% ); not a common occurrence for themo As you