Stress and Resilience Exam 2Chapter 6- Estimates of current prevalence and incidenceo Family violence is a very serious societal problemo No definitive data exists on the extent of abuse and neglect in families o Prevalence: How often something occurso Incidence: The occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirableo Epidemiology: The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases.- Child maltreatment o 905,000 children were considered victims of maltreatment by parents or caregivers 142, 041 (16%) physical abuse 567,787 (64.1%) neglect 78,120 (8.8%) sexual abuse 58,577 (6.6%) psychological maltreatment Remainder medical neglect or other forms of maltreatmento Emotional abuse was the most common form of maltreatmento There is more physical abuse than neglect ( 15 per 1000 vs. 11 per 1000)- Dating and courtship violenceo Prevalence of nonsexual courtship violence ranged from 9-65%- Partner abuseo From 1993-2005 partner violence against women has decreased from 1.1 million (5.8 per 1000) to 564,392 (2.3 per 1000)o Men also has a partner violence decrease from 1993-2005 from 162,870 (1.6 per 1000) to 153,737 (.9 per 1000)o Woman experience more partner violence than meno Women also experienced more stalking victimization than meno 52% of women reported experienced physical assault as a child or adulto 56% of women reported any form of violence, including stalking, rape, or physical assaulto The rates of forms of violence less likely to cause an injury (pushing, grabbing, shoving, or slapping) were the highesto Rates of the most severe forms of violence (gun, knife, or “beat up”) were the lowest- Homicide of intimates and childreno More wives and girlfriends were killed by their husbands or boyfriends then the other way around (in 2005) Husbands and boyfriends killed by girlfriends or wives 329 Wives and girlfriends killed by husbands or boyfriends1182 This number has declined since 1993 In 2006 1530 children were killed by parents or caregivers (highest rate)- Elder abuseo In 1996, 450,000 elderly persons living in a domestic setting were abused or neglected- Siblings, parents, gays, lesbians, and transgendered coupleso Physical fights between brothers and sisters are by far the most common form of family violenceo 35% of children reported physical abuse the year before at the hand of a siblingo Boys and girls equally likely to be a victim of sibling violenceo In 2002, 119 murders involved perpetrators and victims that were siblingso Between 750,000 and a million parents each year have violent acts committed against them by their teenage childreno Nonheterosexual couples have partner violence also- Witnessing domestic violenceo Children were in the homes of 38% of female victims of domestic violence and 21% of male victims of domestic violenceo Children who witnessed acts of domestic violence experience negative behavioral and developmental outcomes, independent of any abuse or neglect that they may also experience from their caretakers- The cost of family violenceo Wang and Holton (2007) have estimated that child abuse and neglect have cost those involved approx. $103.8 billion This is based on the immediate needs of victims and indirect costs (juvenile delinquency, mental healthcare, special education, adult criminal costs, etc.) as well as long-term costso U.S. centers for disease control and prevention (2003) estimate that the cost of intimate-partner assault, rape, and stalking has exceeded $5.8 billion Of this amount 4.1 billion was for direct medical and mental health services, .9 billion was lost productivity from paid work and household work, and .9 billion was in lifetime earnings as a result of homicide.o The long-term consequences for child abuse and neglect depend on the age at which the abuse or neglect occurs Childhood some of the major consequences of maltreatment: problematic school performance and lowered attention to social cues Children whose parents are “psychologically unavailable” function poorly across a wide range of psychological, cognitive, and developmental areas Adults or adolescents that were abused as children most commonly display physical aggression, antisocial behavior, and juvenile delinquency Childhood maltreatment increases individual’s later risk of alcohol and drug use problemso Consequences of childhood sexual abuse victims: Inappropriate sexual behavior, such as frequent and overt sexual stimulation and inappropriate sexual overtures to other children, is often found among victims Higher risk of arrest for committing crimes as adults, including sex crimes, than are people that weren’t sexually abused Risk is no greater than the risk of arrest for victims of childhood maltreatment  One exception: arrests for prostitution are higher for sexual abuse victims!o Majority of children who are abused and neglected show no signs of extreme disturbance because many children can cop effectivelyo Factors that influence effects of child maltreatment: Child’s intelligence level and scholastic attainment  Child’s temperament Child’s cognitive appraisal of the events Child’s relationship with a significant person Types of interventions used to end the maltreatment- Including child’s placement outside the homeo Female victims of domestic assault consequences: High incidence of depression and anxiety Increased risk of suicide attemptso For society the costs of family violence include: time lost from work by victims, medical care that victims require, and the investment of resources from social and criminal justice agencies- Factors associated with family violence o Problems with the psychopathological, or mental illness, model of family violence 1. Most conclusions are made from limited number of cases typically without comparison groups, and draw conclusions after the data are collected and draw conclusions after the data collection rather than before by testing a hypothesis 2. This confuses the cause with consequence: people who abuse their partners are mentally ill when we already know this because they wouldn’t have done it if they weren’t  3. Ignores the fact that certain societal factors are related to family violence- Sex and gender differenceso Mothers are more likely than fathers to abuse or kill their children (National Research Council (1998) and the US Dept.