Corrections Chapter 6 Notes 1 Jail v Prison a Key Terms i Jails Locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction ii Total Admission The total number of people admitted to jail each year iii Average Daily Population ADP The sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year b Most defendants are granted pretrial release from jail 66 i A growing movement seeks to reduce the number of defendants granted ii Some states enacted danger laws which limit the right to bail to certain kinds of pretrial release offenders c Jail History i King Henry ordered the first jail built in 1166 ii John Howard s jail reforms 1 Secure and sanitary structures 2 3 Emphasis on reforming prisoners Jail inspections iii The first jail in America was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia 1773 1 Housed offenders with no regard to sex age or offense 2 Modern American Jails a Functions i Detain people awaiting arraignment or trial ii Confine offenders serving short sentences iii Detain probation parole violators iv Rabble management non criminal 1 Serve as surrogate mental hospitals 2 Homeless 3 Drug and Alcohol b Architecture and Inmate management i First Generation Jails 1 2 Jail with multiple occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes Inmate supervision is intermittent ii Second Generation Jails visual surveillance iii Third Generation Jails 1 Emerged in the 1960s to replace old run down linear jails and improve 2 Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmates housed areas called pods and surveillance is remote unit 3 Jail Characteristics a Inmates 1 Direct supervision jails 2 Inmates are housed in small groups staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers 3 Bars absent iv Fourth Generation Jails Incorporates natural light into the dayroom borrowed light 1 2 Brings program services staff volunteers and visitors to the housing i Annually 13 million people go to jail A 2010 report found that the nation s jails held 767 620 inmates 1 13 women 2 62 involved in the trail process not convicted 3 Since 2000 the nation s jail population has increased an average of 2 6 per year ii The average cost to jail one inmate is more than 14 500 iii Women and Jail 1 Women comprise 13 of the jail population 2 They are the largest growth group nationwide 3 Women face a number of special problems including Lack of separate housing Low educational levels Substance abuse a b c d Pregnancy e Motherhood 80 f Inadequate medical programs iv Race and Inmates 1 From 1995 through mid 2011 the majority of local jail inmates were 2 Whites comprise nearly 70 of the US population but only 43 of the 3 Blacks make up 14 of the US population but make up 44 of the jail black or Hispanic jail population population v Juveniles in Jail 1 7 220 juveniles 2 Cities and states may detain juvenile offenders up to 12 hours in an adult jail before a court appearance b Staff i There are nearly 300 000 jail employees 1 3 1 inmate to staff ratio 4 Jail Issues 3 a Accreditation ii Problems of jail staff substandard pay low job prestige high turnover and inadequate systems for recruitment selection and training c Programs i Educational and Vocational Programs 1 National studies show that more than 40 percent of all jail inmates have less than a ninth grade education 2 Studies show that inmates who earn their GEDs while incarcerated are far less likely to return to crime ii Religious Programs 2 2 1 Getting into trouble and turning to religion is supported by the coping literature Inmates actively involved with Bible studies commit less institutional infractions and are less likely to be rearrested iii Mental Health Issues 1 2 3 of jail inmates have mental health issues 11 of general population LA county jail largest psychiatric inpatient facility in US Nearly 3 000 people 3 13 states created mental health courts instead of prosecuting non violent criminals they give them help there i Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards and through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status Jail Accreditation Formal approval of a jail by the American Correctional Association ACA and the Commission on Accreditation ii iii Only 131 on the Nation s 3 565 jails are accredited b Overcrowding c Privatization i Most critical problem in larger urban jails ii Many operating at over 100 capacity i The private sector develops designs and finances the jail shift public control to private agencies who are for profit ii Pressure to privatize comes from costs overcrowding and dissatisfaction with county government Think that private corporations would manage the money better d Ways to Reduce Overcrowding i Financial pretrial release give more opportunities for bail ii Nonfinancial pretrial release ROR people property bonds signature bonds iii Diversion allow them to attend counseling job programs etc iv New construction tax payers do not like this