2 kinds of pleurae parietal and visceral 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation inspiration inhale expiration exhale 2 types of tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils 2 vocal ligament sod the larynx vocal folds in pitch of voice vestibular folds not involved in sounds production 3 functions of larynx voice production provides open airway routes food and air to proper channels opening closed while swallowing open when breathing 3 sections of pharynx naso oro laryngo pharynx 3 steps of breathing 1 at rest no air movement 2 inspiration 3 expiration see slide 55 of respiration ppt 4 major landmarks of the lungs be able to identify on a diagram apex base hilum and root 4 processes involved in respiration 4 types of pleural cavities Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration costal mediastinal diaphragmatic cupola Adenoids pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall destroys entering pathogens alveolar macrophages kills any bacteria that has gotten past immune system so far Alveoli surface area 140 sq meters Apex ends at Base ends at clavicle rib 8 Basic functions of the respiratory system supplies body with oxygen disposes of CO2 Blood supply to lungs where do vessels evolve and what to they travel along evolve from aortic arch and descending aorta travel along bronchial tree bronchial asthma Bronchial tree bronchioles caused by allergic inflammation decreases lumen space making it harder to breath causes more secretion of mucus extensively branching respiratory pathways primary bronchi right main bronchi bigger and shorter than left First level of airway surrounded by smooth muscle can change diameter as in brocho constriction and broncho dilation carina marks where teaches divides into 2 primary bronchi central vs peripheral chemoreceptors central located in medulla peripheral aortic and carotid bodies CF Changes in tissue comp along conducting pathways inherited disease respiratory system is affected by over secretion of mucus c shaped rings replied by cartilage plates smooth muscle becomes important airways widen with sympathetic stim and constrict with parasympathetic direction chemoreceptors sensitive to rising falling oxygen levels conducting zone carry air to sites of gas exchange filter from dust etc humidify and warm the air COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease constant bronchial irritation almost like asthma bronchi spasm reducing lumen space air gets trapped in lungs causes frequent infections caused by history of tissue breaks down elastic tissue in lungs Do lungs receive vascular supply from pulmonary vessels NO Epiglottis tips inferiorly during swallowing closes over the trachea so food gets routed down to esophagus Epistaxis nosebleed Explain the process of expiration 2 types quiet expiration a passive process just muscles diaphragm relaxing volume of thoracic cavity decreases forced expiration active process produced by the contraction of muscles Explain the process of inspiration explain voice production in relation to folds the volume of thoracic cavity increases diaphragm flattens 0intercostal muscles contract and raise the ribs Length of the vocal folds changes with pitch Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds External nares nostrils Features of alveoli Functions of the nose surrounded by elastic fibers interconnect by way of alveolar pores internal surfaces provides airways moistens and warms air filters resonating chamber for speech houses olfactory receptors how is blood delivered to lung tissue by the bronchiole arteries innervation of larynx vagus nerve internal surfaces in alveoli allow for free movement of alveolar macrophages Is the nose skin thin or thick Thin it also contains many sebaceous glands oily tends to sweat a lot Laryngopharynx passageway for food and air continuous with esophagus and larynx Left Lung consist of superior and inferior lobes fissures run oblique list structure of respiratory zone in order terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs Name the 2 types of mucous membrane olfactory mucosa respiratory mucosa Name the three types of fibers associated with innervation sympathetic parasympathetic and visceral sensory fibers Nasopharynx superior to where food enters air passageway contains opening to auditory pharyngotympanic tube Olfactory mucosa houses smell receptors oropharynx arch like entry way that connects mouth and nose Parasympathetic fibers in lungs The pharnyx Pleurae constrict airways cough reflex to clear up dust particles or pathogens in lungs funnel shaped passageway connects to nasal cavity and mouth divided into 3 sections mucosal lining changes along its length A doble layered sac surrounding each lung helps divide the thoracic cavity pleural cavity potential space between the visc and parietal pleurae Pulmonary arteries deliver oxygen poor blood to lungs Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to heart respiratory mucose lines nasal cavity Respiratory Organs in order Nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses pharynx larnyx trachea bronchi lungs and alveoli Respiratory zone site of gas exchange Right lung consists of role of medulla oblongata in lungs superior middle and inferior lobes fissures run oblique and horizontal helps generate respiratory rhythm VRG ventral respiratory group Secondary lobar bronchi 2 on left 3 on right Structure of alveoli type I cells type II cells alveolar macrophages Structure of respiratory zone Sympathetic fibers in lungs air exchanging structures bronchioles leads to alveolar ducts alveolar sacs dilate airways if they detect low amounts of O2 high amounts of CO2 they will dilate to get more O2 in blood T1 T5 efferent Terminal bronchioles tertiary segmental bronchi branch into each lung segment Thyroid cartilage forms adams apple more prominent in men trachea descends into mediastinum c shaped cartilage rings to keep airway open Type 1 cells give structure Type 2 secrete surfactant which helps reduce surface tension in alveoli Valsalva s maneuver straining closing off vocal cords visceral sensory fibers are in the lungs to inform the brain if there is damage to lungs to activate para or symp systems What is important in fetal development in relation to the lungs Surfactant usually is produced until about 28 weeks gestation Surfactant opens up the lungs allowing gas exchange to occur what is the main bronchi primary bronchi what moves contaminated mucus cilia where does the gas exchange occur