Name Assignment e g Thought Paper 2 Date Reflecting on My Stereotypes PSY 388 003 Sample of Thought Paper 2 Structure Gender Stereotypes 1 All girls like the color pink 2 3 Learning Process Sentences Visit stereotypes I may have learned that include gender stereotype 3 5 I visited Toys R Us on 1 9 2014 in found the restate gender a The name of the item was and contained 3 5 sentences a The name of the item and contained 3 5 sentences Reducing Breaking Stereotypes I believe that there are ways that I can reduce my gender stereotypes For SEX biological and physiological characteristics Maleness vs femaleness MASCULINITY FEMINITY What is sex Biologically Male Female Biological Chromosomes o Male XY o Female XX Testosterone vs Estrogen Physiological Sex organs o Male Penis PSY 388 003 o Female Vagina WHAT IS GENDER GENDER a cultural and social construct Femininity vs Masculinity Uni dimensional Approach Masculinity Femininity Two Dimensional Approach TWO APPROACHES TO THE MEASUREMENT OF FEMINITY MASCULINITY Masculinity Low High Femininity Low High Masculinity and femininity were measured on the same continuum Both masculinity femininity A set of beliefs based on one s membership to a group STEREOTYPES Can be based on o Sex gender o Sexuality o Ethnicity Race o Age o Disability Cognitive component GENDER STEREOTYPES Beliefs based on one s sex Based on the notion of opposite Expectancies when we have little info about the person Battle of the sexes idea of opposites Are all stereotypes inaccurate No Stereotypes can be an o Accurate reflection of a group s norms o Overgeneralization Applying to every member of the group Not allowing for variation about the group s norm o Inaccurate PSY 388 003 Example Men tend to have greater physical strength than women Acknowledge individual differences Example of Overgeneralization All women have superior verbal abilities compared to men STEREOTYPES 2 KINDS 1 Descriptive what the typical woman and man are like 2 Prescriptive what the typical man and woman should be like THE PROCESS OF STEREOTYPING Can be activated automatically o Can affect behavior w out conscious awareness Information Processing 1 Schemas mental scripts that guide behavior Focus attention to remember information that fits a stereotype 2 Self fulfilling Prophecy Behaving in ways we think others expect us to behave confirming the expectation Youtube video Labels Against Women DO STEREOTYPES SERVE A PURPOSE Stereotypes Type of heuristic mental shortcuts o Often used allows for fast judgments efficient Frees cognitive resources for other tasks Stereotyped Thinking Begins at age 3 Starts with one s own sex then generalizes Causes people to ignore information that does not fit the stereotype Learned and maintained through experience illusory correlation Illusory Correlation the belief that a correlation exists or that it is stronger than it actually is DEVELOPMENT OF STEREOTYPES The process Contributes to maintaining stereotypes o e g Fashion sense and gender o Good luck socks jersey Flexible application of gender o Stereotypes increases with age We apply stereotypes more strongly to others than to ourselves PSY 388 003 GENDER GENDER a cultural and social construct Femininity vs masculinity Traits Attributes Expressive vs Instrumental Roles based on societal norms expectations Gender roles Occupational roles Identity extent of identification internalization COMPONENTS OF DEAUX LEWIS MODEL OF GENDER STEREOTYPING Physical Appearance Traits Behaviors Occupations TRAITS ATTIBUTES STEREOTYPIC Women Sentimental Submissive Talkative Superstitious Expressive Independent Men Dominant Adventurous Realistic Instrumental PSY 388 003 GENDER ROLES Women Homemaker o Cooking o Cleaning o Caretaking OCCUPATIONAL ROLES Women Teacher Nurse Secretary BEHAVIOR Women Emotions o Crying Language o Indirect o Elaborative Calm PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Women Thinness o Small waist Feminine features o Long hair Men Provider o Go getter o Leading o Decision making CEO Supervisor Scientist Construction Worker Men Men Emotions o Anger Language o Direct o Brief Aggressive Men Muscular o Sculpted abs Masculine features o Short hair HAVE GENDER STEREOTYPES CHANGED Depends Cultures a dynamic system o Explicit and implicit rules established by groups o Shared knowledge attitudes values beliefs norms skills expressive forms social institutions and behaviors but harbored differently by each specific unit with the group o Communicated across generations o Ensures survival stick together to survive o Relatively stable but with the potential to change over time PSY 388 003 recent decades Research has shown that there is little evidence that stereotypes have changed in Respondents predicted Diekman Eagly 2000 o Women and men would become increasingly similar o Role convergence Greater change toward more flexibility in women s than men s roles from the 1960s Masculine tradition more stable Does our culture reflect this Changes are evident in the media Direction in change in women s flexibility Androgyny change in both direction Next lecture continue at GENDER STEREOTYPES APPEARANCE