Chapter 12 Public Speaking Developing the Message Sources of Information Most of the info we use to develop messages is based on personal experiences observations or learning through school the media and reading However sometimes we need information from outside sources Primary sources of information sources that represent the original reports of the observations or research first hand direct Secondary sources of information sources that report but did not originally generate the observations or research Books great value but can be outdated Magazines provide recent information quickly some inaccuracies may occur growth of internet has decreased the number of magazines available staff of magazine may have biases Newspapers becoming rarer in paper form Wikis internet sites that offer free info users can add delete or edit the Journals Index provides a minimal amount of information on many topics Special interest group publications information inaccurate Government publications Non print media recordings records films DVDs ect Computer based retrieval system electronic database get high quality Interviews Internet most popular search for researching info information Conducting an effective computer search o Select a database that is relevant to the info you seek o Try key terms o Examine the hits o Boolean search search that combines words connected by and or or o Mark the sources save your sources cite your sources Quotations material written or spoken by a person in the exact words in which it was originally presented Paraphrases someone else s ideas put into your own words Oral footnote APA most frequently used in communication Supporting Material Supporting speech material should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented Characteristics that make up memorable material simple unexpected concrete credible emotion story based Forms of support you select depend on your purposes different forms of support include stories specific instances exposition statistics analogies testimony Stories most interesting form of support material Specific instances condensed examples used to clarify or prove a point Exposition gives listeners the necessary background info so that they can understand the material being presented Statistics any collection of numerical info arranged as representations trends or theories o Statistical surveying o Reliability each time test is run it shows the same results o Validity the process followed is correct Analogies compares an unfamiliar concept to a familiar one Testimony may be a direct quotation actual statement or a paraphrase reworded idea from an authority Use of the World Wide Web Be careful of blogs Internet has a lot of info not always prefect though Techniques for Presenting Supporting Material Internal summary a short restatement of what has jst been said in the section that you are about to leave Forecast is a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming Signposting a speaker reviews where the listeners have been states where they are presently and forecasts where they are going Supplementary speech aids visual audio audiovisual computerized augment the oral segments of their presentations o Visual aids appeal to our sense of sight Real objects models pictures diagrams charts cutaways mockups shows building or tearing down of an article flips charts whiteboards smart boards presentation graphics o Audio aids appeal to our sense of hearing o Audiovisual aids such as films and videotapes combine the dimensions of sight and sound Presentation software can provide listeners with multimedia messages stimulating their visual and auditory senses o Disadvantages may have to turn off lights to see projection causing a sleep induced environment risk of putting too much on the screen speaker gets carried away with technical stuff o Use simplicity in design visuals are extension of your ideas so make sure they follow the same organizational format rule 5x5 use 5 words per line and no more than 5 lines avoid writing out speech on slides font needs to be large enough to read select fonts colors that are readable short phrases use bullets numbered lists avoid distractions animated schemes add interest devices have a single slide with main points of the speech final slide of visual content sources
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