Chapter 10 Corrections Development of Corrections American colonies public aimed at humiliation deterrence Post 1776 population growth movement from rural to urban lifestyle o Physical punishment seemed uncivilized movement toward rehabilitation Penitentiary Movement o 1790 Walnut Street Jail Philly Old Newgate State Prison CT o Pennsylvania System separate system Solitary confinement reflection study prayer handcraft work o Convict Lease System leased offenders to companies for non paid labor o Auburn System New York System congregate silent system Inmates work eat together Solitary confinement at night South and West Systems Reform Movement o Zebulon Brockway Father of prison reform Warden of Elmira Reformatory o Purpose of prison reform and rehabilitation Academics vocational training etc o Mark system good bad behavior o Intermediate sentencing Ranges in sentencing Use of parole Eras of Corrections o Progressive Reformers early 20th century Improve conditions in the social environment breeding ground of crime Rehabilitate offenders Believe that crime is caused by social biological deficiencies Rehabilitation Model or Medical Model o Community Model 1960 s 1970 s 1967 US Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice Purpose of corrections is to reintegrate the offender into the community o Crime Control Model 1970 s 1980 s Control criminal behavior by incarceration Tough on crime approach Jail vs Prison Jail houses offenders serving less than one year those awaiting trial who cannot post bail o NYC and LA jails hold 5 of nation s total incarcerated 33 000 o Detain illegal immigrants before deportation o 11 million admitted each year Prison serious offenders those serving one year or more o Minimum Security Mostly female Low Security o Medium Security Mostly male o Maximum Security Most dangerous inmates o Supermax Terrorists serial killers o Private Prisons Critics make money on crime Jurisdictions contract with private vendors 32 states federal system 114 000 inmates Prisoners Rights Prior to 1960 s hands off o No recognized rights judges did not interfere with correctional officers o Cooper v Pate prisoners do have constitutional rights prisoners can sue state officials 1st Amendment freedom of religion 4th Amendment no illegal searches of cells Hudson v Palmer 8th Amendment no cruel and unusual punishment totality of conditions must be acceptable 14th Amendment due process in preliminary hearings rights for female prisoners Wolff v McDonnell Trends in Correctional Populations Number of people on probation and parole is growing at a faster rate than the number of those being incarcerated o Less expensive prison overcrowding o 70 of those in corrections are on probation o Incarceration rate has quadrupled since 1973 Five factors for Growth in Incarceration Increased arrests and more likely incarceration 1 2 Tougher sentencing 3 Prison construction 4 War on drugs 5 State politics means of economic development Chapter 11 Incarceration and Prison Society Three goals of incarceration 1 Custodial Model a Promote security high degree of order b Incapacitation deterrence retribution 2 Rehabilitation Model 3 Reintegration Model a Give the prisoners treatment to reform them a Make sure offenders keep their ties with family community Prison Organization o Warden Deputy Wardens Correctional Officers Psychologists etc o Cannot select their clients o Have little or no control over the release of their clients o Must rely on clients to do most of the work in the daily operation of the institution work they forced to do and for which they are not paid o Must depend on the maintenance of satisfactory relationships between clients and staff Four factors in prison management 1 Defects of total power 2 Rewards and Punishments a Ways to gain cooperation 3 Exchange Relationships a Power of the officers is limited minimal ability of force compliance a Tolerate minor rule violations in exchange for compliance 4 Inmate Leadership a Rely on inmate leaders to help maintain order b Divided along race age gang affiliation Use of force by Correctional Officers 1 Self defense 2 Defense of third persons 3 Upholding prison rules a May use force at a level reasonable to protect themselves a Maintain safety and security inmate who won t go back to his cell may be forcefully put back in the cell 4 Prevention of crime a Theft or destruction of property 5 Prevention of escape a Use of deadly force could be used at discretion of prison management Characteristics of Prisoners Age o Majority between 25 44 o 42 300 inmates were 55 or older Health concerns o 20 000 inmates in state prisoners who were HIV positive 1 538 in federal prisons Mental Health o Stress of confinement adds to their illnesses o Suicide is common o Majority of prison 56 and jail 64 inmates have reported having mental health problems psychiatric cost 15 billion The Inmate Code Prison Adaptations o Doing time Prison is a brief break from criminal career o Gleaning o Jailing Improve life prospects Take advantage of prison programs Seek power and influence within the prison o Disorganized criminal Difficult to function in prison society Women in Prison 1977 2004 o 757 increase in incarceration 7 3 of entire prison population 46 African American 50 unemployed at time of the arrest Physical Mental issues o Prior sexual assault physical abuse 57 o Drug use 40 o Drug related crime 33 o Mental illness 24 o 1 in 42 are HIV positive Family Issues o 67 have children under 18 o 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act ASFA Government can terminate parental rights after 15 22 months of foster care while mother is incarcerated Prison Programs Classification o The process of assigning an inmate to a category specifying his or her needs for security treatment education work assignment and readiness for release Education programs Vocational programs o Most prisoners have less than 11 years of education o Teaches job skills o Problem law prohibits ex felons from certain occupations Barber chauffeur nurse etc Rehabilitation programs o Drug use alcohol therapy etc Medical Services o Psychiatric help o In prison pharmacies Mass Incarceration Incarceration Boom People in prison o 1980 329 821 o 2010 1 605 127 Incarceration rate o 1980 145 o 2010 497 1 in 201 residents Total correctional population o 7 1 million Reasons for increase Increased arrests and more likely incarceration 1 2 Tougher sentencing a Truth in sentencing Judges more likely to
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