HDFS 129 EXAM 2 I ATTACHMENT A Can an infant form multiple attachments 1 Infants are highly selective in their choices of attachment figures 2 Not all social relationships can be identified as attachments 3 Not all attachment figures are equally important a There is a hierarchy of attachment b Moms are usually the most important B Temperament 1 An innate style of responding to the environment a There is evidence of infants temperament immediately first few weeks of life 2 Variables used to measure temperament a Activity level b Regulatory in eating sleeping and elimination c Response to new objects novelty d Adaptability to the environment e Intensity of energy level f General mood 3 Categories of Temperament a Easy 40 Not upset by novelty regular eating sleeping and elimination usually cheerful b Slow to Warm 15 Slow to accept novelty lower activity levels adjusts to new in eating sleeping and experiences slowly c Difficult 10 Irritable hard to soother irregular elimination tends to be boys cannot help it d 35 cannot be classified are a mixture of temperament responses 4 Temperament responds to environment a Babies retain a basic temperament but can adjust to how a parent responds b Consistency depends on the fit of a parent s and child s nature c A child s temperament and the parent s response to the temperament interact to produce particular outcomes 5 Goodness of Fit Creating child rearing environments that recognize each child s temperament and encourages adaptive functioning a Ex Poor fit for a difficult child would be angry punitive parents 6 Reciprocal Temperament a Marital Relationship parenting and child behavior all influence each other b Jay Bellstein Looked at relationships and found that tense relationships result in a tense child C Jerome Kagan Ph D 1 Ongoing longitudinal study launch in 1989 documenting development of people from infancy to adolescence 2 Asked a Does early behavior predict later behavior b Is personality stable over time c Are the traits of introversion extroversion stable 3 Sample 400 4 month old infants measured at approximately 3 year intervals into adolescence 4 Wanted to know who would be into extroverted at an older age 5 Introduced a variety of novel stimuli and recorded subjects responses a Found babies that were highly and lowly reactive to stimuli most interested in them 6 At 4 months stimuli was popping balloons tape recorded voices musical mobiles scent of rubbing alcohol a 20 of babies had strong disturbed reaction High Reactive b 40 of babies were undisturbed Low Reactive 7 At 2 years Stimuli was lady in white lab coat with gas mask man dressed as a clown radio controlled robot a Trends remained the same 8 At 7 years stimuli was being asked to play with kids they had never met a High Reactive kids very upset b Low Reactive un phased 9 At 11 years Interviewed kids about their life by adult stranger a Kids maintained same statuses 10 Adolescence a High Reactive Had anxiety with new people and situations anxious about future 11 High Reactive Babies Generally develop into serious cautious introverted adolescence 12 Low Reactive Babies Developed into relaxed confident extroverted adolescence 13 Ideal parent for high reactive kids a Can read child s cues and be sensitive to them b Is warm and firm without being harsh hostile c Promotes curiosity with gentle encouragement d Is consistent in expectations I PARENTING A Why do we parent 1 Altricial Born in a helpless condition requiring prolonged parental care a Human babies receive care for years 2 Precocial Active and able to move freely from birth requiring little parental care a Horses baby turtles 3 Physical needs a Feed change kept warm and dry protected bathed etc 4 Socialization 5 If you don t take care of human babies they die B How do we parent 1 Some parents read up on how to parent What to Expect when your Expecting etc but those resources are not SCIENCE based a When what to feed the baby b Where to put the baby c Where when does it sleep d These questions get answered largely from the culture you live in C Parenting is a biological physical social and emotional task that has evolved through culturally driven ideals and beliefs 1 Sleep arrangements based on research a 2 3rds of the world 67 sleep with their babies as a normative parenting practice b U S is in the minority putting babies in cribs c In U S and England believe babies should sleep independently and through the night by 6 months d Independence vs Interdependence 2 What does the research say about PROACTIVE co sleeping babies sleeping in the same bed a Shorter night wakings b Lighter sleep for mom and baby c Higher levels of independence in preschool d Increased cognitive competence e Greater self esteem in childhood f Less mental health issues in childhood g Greater life satisfaction in adulthood h James McKenna Researcher in Co sleeping if you have a baby sleep with it D Breast feeding based on research 1 Newborns are hard wired to nurse 2 Size of breast does not matter 3 Continuous vs scheduled feedings a Once formula was developed it was less common to breast feed creating a stigma toward woman who did public breast feeding 4 Great for baby s immune system 5 Creates smarter babies a The nutrients in breast milk are better for brain development 6 Less chance of obesity in childhood 7 When to wean a World health organization 2 years b In the U S between 6 and 7 months I EMPATHY IN PARENTING A There is a big push to raise a brighter child Why 1 People want kids to succeed have a better life than they did get better jobs make more money B Intelligence 1 Measured by IQ but IQ only contributes a small percentage of life satisfaction 2 Robert Steinberg and Peter Salovey a Yale psychologists who say we must take a wide variety of intelligence 3 Good predictor of life satisfaction Emotional Intelligence C Emotional Intelligence 1 1 Knowing your emotions self awareness 2 2 Managing your emotions 3 3 Recognizing emotions in others empathy a People who can empathize have a high mental health and life satisfaction b Empathy is the fundamental people skill c Important in all relationships 4 Self Awareness Ability to recognize accept and express how you truly feel 5 Empathy Ability to recognize accept and respond to another s emotions a Key to empathy is to be able to read other s non verbal cues 6 People who are able to read non verbal cues and recognize other s emotions trend to a Be more well liked b Be more outgoing c Have