HIST201 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 2 I Identifications 30 In this section of the exam you will be required to identify and explain the significance of various persons events or terms relevant to the course The examination will offer an option of 10 terms you will need to answer 6 National Recovery Administration NRA was the primary New Deal agency established by U S president Franklin D Roosevelt in 1933 The goal was to eliminate cut throat competition by bringing industry labor and government together to create codes of fair practices and set prices The long term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next three decades Lend lease was the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom the Soviet Union China Free France and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945 It was signed into law in 1941 by Franklin D Roosevelt a year and a half after the outbreak of World War II in Europe The lend leave policy was significant because it was the US s backdoor entry into WWII by arming our allies Office of Price Administration OPA had to the power to set prices and wages and control rents after the outbreak of WWII The OPA pledged to 1 attempt to ration and help the war effort and 2 deal with shortages and inflation Due to these rations and shortages of products the black market appeared Proxy wars a form of war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly Proxy wars were common in the Cold War because the two nuclear armed superpowers the Soviet Union and the United States did not wish to fight each other directly since that would have run the risk of escalation to a nuclear war Therefore proxy wars were found in Greece Vietnam and Korea Proxy wars were significant because they ended up expanding into other countries around the world leading to civil wars and the breaking of borders Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad A component of the Cold War this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe China Korea and Vietnam Diplomat Kennen said that containment would hurt the Soviets because they needed to expand The word containment is associated most strongly with the policies of U S President Harry Truman including the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO a military alliance between the U S and Western European nations and the Marshall Plan which was direct economic aid for Western Europe Invasion of the Body Snatchers a 1950s novel in which invaders replace human beings with duplicates that appear identical on the surface but are devoid of any emotion or individuality A local doctor uncovers what is happening and tries to stop them This is significant because it is a metaphor for communism wind starts taking over people s brains they become pod people follow central control De Facto Segregation segregation based on race but not upheld by law Continued practices of expecting African Americans to ride in the back of buses or to step aside onto the street if not enough room was present for a Caucasian person and separate but equal facilities are instances of de facto segregation The NAACP fought for the de jure law to be upheld and for de facto segregation practices to be abolished De Facto Segregation is significant because it led to many civil rights movements Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery Alabama The campaign lasted from 1955 when Rosa Parks an African American woman was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person until one year later in 1956 Many important figures such as MLK Jr participated in this bus boycott This boycott was significant because it marked the beginning of the civil rights era Double V Campaign during WWII racial tensions were high in overcrowded cities like Chicago Detroit and Harlem and experienced race riots Black newspapers created the Double V Campaign to build black morale and head off radical action African American leaders said that they must still fight for Victory at home and Victory abroad African Americans pressured the Federal Gvmt to pay them equally NAACP membership skyrocketed and CORE had the first sit ins to protest segregated transportation The Double V Campaign was significant because it exemplified racial tensions on the home front Levittown large suburban developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt Sons Built in the post WWII era for returning veterans and their new families the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments These came standard with a white picket fence green lawn and modern era kitchen with appliances Houses sold out almost immediately Levitt believed that these houses would eliminate communism The transition to the suburbs was one of the biggest changes after WWII Four Freedoms goals articulated by US President Franklin D Roosevelt in 1941 In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech technically the 1941 State of the Union address he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people everywhere in the world ought to enjoy 1 Freedom of speech and expression 2 Freedom of worship 3 Freedom from want 4 Freedom from fear The last two goals anticipated what would become known decades later as the human security paradigm in social science and economic development FDR said that this is what the US was going into WWII to defend Stagflation a term used in economics to describe a situation where an inflation rate is high the economic growth rate slows down and unemployment remains steadily high In the political arena one measure of stagflation termed the Misery Index was used to swing presidential elections in the United States in 1976 and 1980 Following Richard Nixon s imposition of wage and price controls an initial wave of cost push shocks in commodities was blamed for causing spiraling prices Truman Doctrine a policy set forth by the U S President Harry Truman in a speech in 1947 stating that the U S would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere Historians often consider it as the start of the
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