History Study Guide Emancipation Proclamation President Lincoln sent out this order on January 1 1863 that proclaimed the freedom of slaves in 10 of the rebellion states It did not compensate the owners it did not outlaw slavery and did not make ex slaves citizens This only applied to radical states but freed 3 1 out of the 4 million slaves in the US This is later enforced by the 13th Amendment after the Civil War has ended Sherman s March to the Sea In Georgia and South Carolina General William Sherman had reserved large coastal tracts for liberated slaves and settled them on 40 acre plots Sherman did not want to be bothered with refugees as his army crossed the region but the freedmen assumed that Sherman s order meant that the land was theirs After the war resettlement became the responsibility of the Freedmen s Bureau Freedmen s Bureau March 1865 Divide confiscated land from the South into 40 acre parcels for rent sale This was to provide humanitarian relief and to establish schools for freed slaves The government was not trying to take care of all of these people for free so they had to work in order to receive these benefits Ten Percent Plan December 8 1863 It restored all rights to Southerners that take a loyalty oath Once 10 of that state s population took this oath they could establish a state government Colfax Massacre April 13 1873 in Colfax Louisiana A group of armed white Democrats overpower Republican freedmen and state militia also black trying to control the Great Paris courthouse Most of the freedmen were killed after they surrendered and nearly 50 were later killed as they were held as prisoners Described as the worst racial violence during Reconstruction Redeemers White southern democrats that swept the 1875 elections and took control of Mississippi By 1876 Reconstruction was largely over and Republican governments backed by token US military units remained in only 3 southern states Louisiana South Carolina and Florida They sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen carpetbaggers and scalawags Cr dit Mobilier 1872 a sham corporation set up by the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profit Organizers of the scheme protected it from federal investigation by providing gifts of Credit Mobilier stock to powerful members of Congress Dawes Act Congress passed The Dawes Act in 1887 to reform U S treatment of American Indians The act divided reservations into homestead style plots for families or individuals The act was partially a response to popular outrage over the mistreatment of American Indians especially after Helen Hunt Jackson exposed such abuses in her book A Century of Dishonor 1881 While perhaps well intentioned the act was disastrous it was rooted in a Western concept of property ownership that was foreign to many Americans Indians whose social structure was more tribal and communitarian Moreover the new system was not conducive to the nomadic lifestyle of the plains Indians The act exemplifies the ongoing struggle between the Federal government and the Plains Indians in the late nineteenth century as well as the role of white ethnocentrism in complicating that relationship Buffalo Bill Cody In 1876 General Cluster had led 210 men of the 7th Calvary in an ill considered assault on Sitting Bull s camp beside Little Big Horn River in Montana Buffalo Bill in his traveling Wild West performances enacted a revenge killing of the Cheyenne warrior Yellow Hand He featured himself scalping a Cheyenne Cody depicted this a triumph for the civilization in the West Vertical Integration When companies would gain ownership of all aspects of the manufacturing process from raw materials through marketing and transportation This would control costs of production and give the company more power and success This is what Rockefeller did with his Standard Oil Company Standard Oil Trust Rockefeller bought into other oil companies and materials that made his business even more successful because he had less competition and more control over materials and the production selling of his oil He bought up a bunch of smaller oil companies and developed the powerhouse of the Standard Oil Company The small companies were forced to buy stock from the larger company and submit to the management of a central board of directors Andrew Carnegie A powerhouse in the steel industry He said that industrialization was going to raise the standard of living and it did He succeeded through vertical integration and created a monopoly of the steel industry He succeeded greatly and become one of the wealthiest people of his time and even now Patronage This especially began in the 1820 s where politicians would grant government jobs and favors to their supporters They abused this to create and maintain strong party loyalties After 1870 a merit based civil service exam was introduced to reduce patronage Skyscrapers Buildings begin to start to be built up instead of out in cities in order to keep up with the increasing population from high amounts of immigration The most famous and biggest skyscrapers were built in New York City and were used for housing and for companies Streetcar Suburbs Due to the development of public Transportation a rising middle class was able to move out of urban cities and develop suburbs Still close to the city for work people were able to live in a better area filled with less people and more space for families The only reason this could be developed was because of public transportation the streetcars otherwise people would be isolated from work and would have no money Interstate Commerce Commission Passed in 1887 under President Cleveland This act counteracted Wabash v Illinois which has struck down states authority to regulate railroads This new act charged with investigating interstate shipping forcing railroads to make their rates public and when necessary suing in court to force companies to reduce unjust or unreasonable rates After 2 decades of the ICC courts soon sided with the railroads 15 times and soon Congress had to strengthen the ICC s power and soon become one of the most powerful federal agencies charged with overseeing private business Panic of 1873 This panic began with the bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad back by Jay Cooke He was a national hero because of his supervision of the Union s finances during the Civil War Since he was so connected to Washington suspicions rose that Republican financial manipulation
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