HDFS EXAM 2 2 28 13 character with others intimacy loyalty Identity Issues Identity a persistent sameness within one s self and a sharing of ones essential 3 most important characteristics in adolescent friendships mutual understanding of feelings values beliefs Vocational issues self in relation to others Political ideology sexual identity Spiritual ideology ethnic identity Interests body image The process of identity formation involves Crisis a period of role experimentation and active exploration of possibilities or alternatives Commitment making a choice among alternatives Identity Statuses Identity Achievement commitment made and crisis experienced The individual has resolved his her identity crisis and made commitments to particular goals beliefs and values Foreclosure commitment made and no crises experienced The individual seems to know who he she is but has latched onto an identity prematurely without exploration Moratorium no commitment made and is experiencing crisis No healthy but need to get out The individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers Enduring commitments have not been made Diffusion no commitment made and no crises experienced The person has not yet thought about or resolved identity issues and has failed to chart directions in life I don t care attitude Most adolescents move from foreclosure or diffusion to either achieved or moratorium between mid teens and mid twenties one can be in a different identity status for various identity domains can have the career but not the relationship Relationships between parenting style and identity status authoritative democratic parenting with identity achievement authoritarian parenting correlated with identity foreclosure parents way permissive parenting correlated with identity diffusion Achievement and Moratorium Statuses Higher self esteem Feel more in control View education favorably More capable of sustaining intimate relationships Foreclosure Status Dogmatic rigid defense Fear rejection Diffusion Status Less capable of intimacy Avoid making personal decisions Poor academic performance Poor time management More likely to abuse drugs and alcohol Females are more like to be achieved identity in the area of interpersonal relationships ex freshman dating senior boy Privileged but Pressured Study done by Luthar Becker Latendress Children of poverty are more likely to have o Poor physical health o Deficits in cognitive development academic achievement o Mental illness antisocial behavior o Hostile family interactions Children of affluence are more likely to have o Less emotional closeness with parents o Less supervision by parents o Over scheduled in activities o Parents who are less available o Fewer family activities and interaction o Demand for achievement college acceptance 3 12 13 Jeffrey Arnett and young adulthood Emerging Adulthood a distinct period of development that differs from adolescence Takes place between 18 25 years old is characterized by independent role exploration and frequent change 1970 typical 21 yr old married about to be caring for a child planning for a pregnancy done with education settled in a job fulltime mother Today Typical 21 year old Marriage parenthood not for another 5 years Education may last more years Will experience a job change Invention of birth control Sexual revolution of 60 s and 70 s Increase in years devoted to higher education 60 of ppl go to college Change in womens roles less pressure to marry Change in how young people view becoming an adult Why is this Love Adolescents dating primarily recreational experimental Emerging adults dating a serious search for a partner 18 25 Young adults 26 mid 30s 75 married with children Work Education 95 enrolled in school Adolescents service jobs purpose of work to support leisure activities Emerging Adults laying groundwork for adult occupation 60 go onto higher education 32 complete 4 or more years of college trying unusual work educational possibilities Young adults settled into a career only 10 involved in higher education Arnett Age of Instability Changing the plan Changing major dropping out of college dissatisfaction with work romantic relationships Moving emerging adults have the highest rate of residential changes than any other age group ex going to college changing roommate new job nearly of emerging adults will move back in with parents and eventually move out again Examining World Views adolescence worldviews Enter emerging adulthood 18 with worldviews learned in childhood College students are exposed to greater diversity and as a result change Emerging adults who don t attend college are as likely as college stuents to examine existing worldviews and form their own set of bliefs and values 96 of 18 24 yr olds agree I am very sure that someday I will get to where I want to be in life most emerging adults are pessimistic about the future or society What are the top 3 criteria for achieving adulthood Accepting responsibility for yourself Making independent decisions Being financially independent 3 14 13 oneself Intimacy open supportive tender relationship with another without fear of losing Have concern for others well being their feelings Demonstration of affection Before engaging in romantic relationship you need a sense of who you are o Need to be able to put yourself aside for another person and can only do this if you have identity Isolation a self absorption fear of loosing one self Adolescent Friendships into young adulthood o Emphasis self disclosure Female friendships o Face to face o Therapeutic Male friends o Side by side Adult friendships disclosure than females Self Disclosure Levels in Friendships Lowest male male Higher male female Highest female female o Emphasis on cooperation leadership competition Males demonstrate more competitiveness less agreement less self o Female tend to want the same disclosure they have with other females in romantic partners In heterosexual marriages males more often name wives as their best friends while women name another female as their best friend Divorce widowhood are typically more devastating for women then men Men are usually more satisfied with the level of enthalpy in their relations than women Identity Intimacy Males are more likely than females to enter into a committed relationship after career plans have been made Clarification of interpersonal relationships precedes career plans for females Women marry at a younger age Women initiate divorce more