3/5Variation in people: Eye colorattached/unattached eye lobeswidows peaksickle cell traitbody hair height/weightIs race a valid, biologically, meaningful concept?- Brief History of the Race Concept:-race is the classification of human variation-early written records do not use the idea- Debunking the Race Concept:-Franz Boas was among the first to challenge the taxonomy of the human variation-Boas examined the cephalic index and found no support of racial types-this work was the foundation for a focus on biological process rather than on typology- Human Variation: Geographic Cline, Not Racial Categories:-specific biological traits follow a geographical gradient (cline)-more pigmentation is associated with high UVAdaption- Climate Adaption: Solar Radiation and Vitamin D Synthesis-the body needs UV radiation to synthesize vitamin D-Vitamin D is crucial in calcium absorption, bone mineralization-Deficiencies in vitamin D production can lead to more bone malformation-melanin is the primary influence on vitamin D synthesis*-Depending on environment, a person’s melanin type can be advantageous or disadvantageousLife History: Growth & Development- The Growth Cycle: Conception Through Adulthood-divided into 3 stages: 1) prenatal (ending with birth) 2) postnatal (to around 12 years of age) why around 12? Puberty. 3) adult (through senescence)- Prenatal Stages: sensitive to environmental stress, predictive of adult health-pregnancy lasts 9 months-involves rapid growth and development, especially of the brain-pre-birth stressors can influence diseases a person may develop later in life- Postnatal Stage: the maturing brain, preparing for adulthood-divided into 5 periods characterized by different growth velocities-development of brain, dentition (teeth), motor and cognitive skills (body & ability to comprehend), sexual dimorphism, skeletal structure-environmental effects during childhood influence growth and development --secular trends in heights, changes in stature caused by environment-before adulthood, height deficits caused by growth disruption can be recovered through a period of rapid growth3/7Founders effect: 1) small population move into an area, inner-breed, generally isolated from the people around them, we can trace founders effect by some physical characteristics. OR 2) 2 distinct populations come together and inner-breed, isolated community.Life History: Growth & Development- Evolution of Human Life History:-survival and adaptive successes are due to food acquisition and reproduction-humans are influenced by culture-life history develops with human culture-Prolonged Childhood: fat bodied moms and their big brained babies --humans have a prolonged childhood with high maternal investment- Grandmothering: part of human adaptive success-post reproductive survival is high with humans-women play a large role in caring for children’s children- Adult Stage: aging and senescence-aging refers to social, cultural, biological events that occur over a lifetimesenescence is a reduction of the body’s ability to respond to stress (homeostasis)-cessation of reproduction in women is called menopauseAdaption- Adaptation to the environment occurs at 4 levels-genetic. i.e. skin color-developmental -physiological, our bodies adapt (accimizational)-behavioral (culture)3/12-2 branches of primates- prosimians & anthropoids- Primate Behavior-very social, live in groups. Rarely live alone-display multiple emotions-took makers-have “culture”-what can non-human primate behavior tell us about our own species?- Do primates have culture?In a paper by Whiten, 2000-what is cultural behavior?-human abilities evolved from pre-human primate foundations-information about social learning-variation in chimpanzee behavior at different wild sites- Ethnoprimatology: bridging the subfields of anthropologyRiley 2006-applied practice-without cultural component, bioanthropologists are eccentric zoologistsPrimates:Tendency for upright postureSome types of primates locomotionGrasping (prehensile) hands & feet- tactile (sense of feeling and touch) pads and nailsEmphasis on vision -usually color vision -eyes at the front. Binocular and stereoscopic vision: depth perception -bony eye socketDe-emphasis on smellIntelligence -relatively large brains and focus on learningSociality- group livingGrooming is important in Primates- -not about creating beauty, but about creating about a bond with someone elseReproduction & offspring care -high maternal investment -extended juvenile period -single offspringProsimians-Older features-Depend more on smell-Most are nocturnal-Only found in the old world- 3 infraorders:-lorises/galagos- saliva smells really bad, keeps animals away-Lemurs- in Madagascar-tarsiers- from present day Indonesia. Slow creepers in the treesAnthropoids2 infraorders: monkeys & apes- New World m=Monkeys (NWM)o 2 NWM families:callitrichade -marmosets & tamarinscallitrichade: shared anatomical features -most primitive monkeys -small-bodied -claws except for big toes -thumbs not opposable -father takes care of them -cebidae-Cebidae characteristics -larger -most have prehensile tails (can grasp things) -nails on all digits -all other NW monkeys3/14- Old World Monkeys o Catatthini-larger and more terrestrial-narrow downward facing nostrilso 2 subfamilies-Colobine monkeys -leaf eaters -no cheek pouches -multi-chambered stomachs to digest fiber -Africa & Asia -not much in terms of thumbs -tends to live in single male-multi female groups -tend to have more offspring-Cercopithecine monkeys -more generalized diet -cheek pouches for storing food -simple stomachs -ischial callosities -many semi terrestrial- Apes-wide chest-shorter trunk-no tail-flexible shoulder and elbow joint-Africa, Asia-extremely endangered-gorillas, chimpanzees, ect- Jane Goodall-long term studies of chimpanzee society in Tanzania-interview with Goodall about her research-working with chimps since 960, now more a spokesperson for those who continue her research-found they are leaf eater & carnivores-found they kill infants (infanticide), practice cannibalism-found practiced warfare-found out they used tools- blades of grass/twigs to get out termites-social learning was important to rearing