2/5Agenda:-initial challenges to Darwin-genetics: what Darwin didn’t (and couldn’t have) know(n)-Thursday- evolutionary processes or forcesHow do traits become inherited?Early ideas about heredity:-preformation-pangenesis- everything blended, its like mixing paint (blending of fluid) everyone is th same after a while, no new variationGregor Mendel (1822-1884)•Catholic churchman, took care of the garden. Started experimenting with peas.•Concluded that in the peas there is a physical unit that is responsible for the traits that emerge in the next generation•Also demonstrated that traits do NOT blend (pangenesis)•Alternate forms of genes are called alleles, they are either dominate or recessive. They determine whatthe genes are going to look like.•3 principles:-Principle of particulate inheritance: fluids don’t blend, they are discrete particles. (2 different fluids in the pitcher, blending and separate dots) traits are passed on by genes, not blended-Segregation: only one characteristic can be represented at a time. (if you have a blue eye gene and brown eye gene, you can only have one color eye) Alleles segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (sperm/egg)-Independent Assortment: if there are 2 different characteristics, the gene inherit independently. (seed shape does NOT influence flower color)•Recessive allele ‘hides’ behind dominant allele. Recessive traits do not go away.Punnett Squae- how Mendel figured out genesgenotype + environment = phenotype2/7Differentiate evolution and intelligent design in schoolsReligious freedomTheories: body of knowledge, thoroughly tested.What class would it be taught in? No religion class offered at public schoolsNot everyone has the same religious backgroundIntelligent design believe humans are “exceptional”, human beings did come from other humansEvolution is the base for future knowledgeHuman genome project- decoding the human genome. Trying to determine which chromosones/genes causes diseases and ect. 23 chromosones in a nucleus. DNA has a four letter language.RNA is a messenger, leaves nucleus to give messages about dna.BEFORE THE TEST: Know the difference between DNA & RNA. RNA paired with an unzipped DNA, where it goes and what is the effect? DNA is the building block of all life.There are bases, that match and attach, through that we get protein know definitions2/19Biological Race:“The confusion of biological with cultural diversity is the most broad and persistent problem in the studyof humans” –Jonathan MarksMost genetic variation (83-97%) of the Human Species is found within local populations1972-lewonton. He did blood testing, collected samples, looked at data from around the world and discovered similar alleles in different samples from around the world.All human population share nearly the same genetic material, and share the same genetic variation of genetic diversityTraits we classify traits in North America are phenotypicRace in Forensic Anthrpology:-can race be distinguished in the skeleton?-variation in cranial forms, BiDil, drug to treat heart disease marketed to African AmericansRace is a social construction, while there is genetic material that makes people different. skin color is a product of evolution by natural selection. People in hot climates have darker skin then people in northern climates2/26Skin color is highly variable and very misunderstood. Thickness of skin, proximity of blood vessels to surface and pigment all give it distinct color.-Melanin gives pigment to skin, amount of melanin. No ‘color’ melanin-Cell (melanocytes) that produces/distributes melanin is right in the juncture between the dermis and epidermis-Density- how closely packed- and distribution of melanin also determines skin color-ultraviolet light (UV) in high doses causes damage to the dermis and that is the base of the skin system. It triggers melanin reaction. Increased melanin is favored when skin is damaged. -more UV radiation along the equator, so more UV light and more UV skin damage to the dermis. Needed to survive in equatorial areas-darker skin protects from UV, and it also absorbs it from vitamin D to make calcium. Vitamin D production is proportional to light penetration. Folic acid destruction proportional to light penetrationWhy haven’t meaningful biological human races formed?-less diverse-young species-gene flow- people migrateTowards Studies of Racialization and Racism-American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement of Race:“Racism comes about because, in our racialized culture, we read meanings into skin color and other phenotype variants”racialized culture- puts a strong emphasis on race, how people are classified We read meaning into skin color- we automatically assume something about someone, put meanings onthem based on the color of their skin.Race is a social and political process that provides insights into how read deeper meaning into phenotypesrather than biology affecting behavior; we let ideology skin color affect the way people look-Race is a classification system; racism is acting out on that classificationRace: the power of an illusion-human variation is continuous. Allele frequency of genes very gradually and shift frequencies- lots of gene flow. i.e.: people get married, more genes created, survival to the next generation-human variation is nonconcordant- actual variation doesn’t create meaning, it’s the human beings that due-human variation can be explained by distance, the traits that we see are independent from other traits 2/28Video- Race: the power of an illusionRace- identifies people just by looking at them. Their hair color, eye shape, skin colorRace is no based on biology, race is an idea that we think is biologyBlack people are judged by every body part: eye, leg, nose, etc. People are looking for something specificthat differentiate blacks from whitesOlympics- hilters “Arian” race was expected to win everything, but Negro jesse owens did really good at the track portion, 4 gold medals.“whats black in the US is not whats black in south Africa”being black has been defined as being dark, but someone could be black and irish and only be classified as