Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 12 Hippocampus The Content of Experience Matters to the Brain Multiple Memory Systems Complete understanding of memory recognizing content of experience is important Memories segregated into different sometimes overlapping brain regions according to their content o Perceptual memory o Semantic memory o Episodic memory o Declarative memory o Spatial memory o Emotional memory o Learning of actions habits 1 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Inputs suggest polymodal association area amygdala input not shown Intrinsic connectivity suggests additional signal integration and or signal amplification Left gets to know what s going on with the right and vice versa 2 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Ascending output to cortex is broad topographically organized Suggest mapped feedback of polymodal input Includes feedback to entorhinal cortex 3 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Descending output to the amygdala medial pre frontal cortex lateral septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Indirect influence on motor regions of the hypothalamus that control motivated behavior 4 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Direct descending output to motor regions of the hypothalamus Hippocampal Connectivity Summary Main input Polymodal sensory highly abstracted sensory information state Main output Mapped feedback to cortex and indirect and direct influences on Intrinsic Additional signal convergence and or signal amplification motivated behavior Convergent polymodal input from cortex The Hippocampus Episodic Memory H M s Contribution to Memory Research H M suffered profound epilepsy Medial temporal lobe removed bilaterally both sides o Included hippocampus amygdala and surrounding cortex H M became severely amnestic 5 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memory for event that occurred before surgery o Extended back to his childhood Anterograde Amnesia Memory for events that occurred after surgery o Couldn t recognize people he saw every day or himself o Permanent H M lost all contact with the past Short term memory remained intact o Couldn t convert STM to LTM Could acquire new skills o Ex Mirror tracing His performance improved with trials No memory of participating in the tasks H M unique important to research in that the location of his brain damage was known Researchers able to test hypotheses about what regions are critical to memory Intellectual capacities remained intact indicating that memory functions can be separated from other cognitive abilities Anterograde and retrograde amnesia restricted to certain kinds of content o Part of the foundation for the multiple memory systems view 6 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Removal of H M s medial temporal lobes disrupted the episodic memory system Episodic Memory System Extracts and stores the content of our personal experiences in a manner that allows them to be consciously retrieved Because H M s brain damage was extensive it was difficult to know if any particular region was more critical to his amnesia than the others Researchers turned to animal models o Devised a memory task that could be used with primates to study episodic o Surgically remove various regions of the brain that were removed from H M and memory test animals on this task Delayed Nonmatching to Sample Task DNMS o Invented to study episodic memory in monkeys o Task is to remember the object it sampled and choose the novel object on the choice trial The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory performance on the DNMS task Damage to the rhinal cortices but not to the amygdala and hippocampus impaired Cortices surrounding the hippocampus support DNMS performance Primates had selective damage to the hippocampus and amygdala or the perirhinal cortex Only damage to the rhinal cortex impaired performance 7 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Dual Process Theories of Recognition Memory The DNMS task doesn t depend only on the declarative memory system One depends on the hippocampus one doesn t Monkeys without a hippocampus can still perform correctly on the DNMS task because they still have the neural system perirhinal cortex needed to make familiarity based judgments Perirhinal cortex familiarity Hippocampal formation recollection Chapter 13 Indexing Theory The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory us to recollect or replay them Episodic memory system captures the content of our experiences in a form that permits Damage to hippocampus capacity is lost become disconnected from the past Something special about the hippocampal formation its connections with other brain regions that is fundamental to the episodic memory system 8 Conditioning Learning Final Exam Study Guide Properties of Episodic Memory Episodic memory system automatically captures information as a consequence of exploring and experiencing the environment The hippocampus does not need to be driven by our intentions or goals to store information May store incidental information information that was not your focus of attention Violates the standard rules of learning o Change in capacity for behavior but required without contingency Content of declarative memory also described as episodic captures information abut Declarative system can capture information about an experience that only occurs once Episodic system stores highly similar episodes and makes it so that these memories do single episodes of our lives not interfere with each other o Ex Where you parked your car today versus where you parked it yesterday Important property of the episodic system the representations it stores are somehow protected from interference Episodic system supports memories that can be consciously recollected or recalled Conscious Recollection o Intentional you actively initiated a search of your memory Manner in which retrieval is initiated o Have an awareness of remembering a sense that the memory trace has been successfully activated Subjective feeling that is a product of the retrieval process Encoding o Information captured automatically unconsciously Doesn t require goals or intention reinforcement or punishment o Stored memories are protected from interference Highly similar episodes don t interfere with each other Time disambiguating factor o Duration of episodes unclear but very brief seconds episodes that only occur once are captured no need for multiple trials Retrieval o Usually conscious and