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03 15 2015 Week 5 key words and ideas Classical Pavilion Conditioning A form of learning in which an animal learns that one stimulus predicts an upcoming event Unconditioned Stimulus meaning that stimulus that naturally that is without conditioning evokes some response Unconditioned Response A unconditioned stimulus such as food evokes a natural response such as salvation Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself Conditioned Response an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus and Sex Appetitive Conditioning When the US is a positive event such as food delivery for Pavlovs dog Consists of learning to predict something that satisfies a desire or appetite E G Food Aversive Conditioning Learning to avoid or minimize the consequences of an expected aversive event Clouds predict rain Conditioning Trial Intertrial Interval the amount of time between seperate trials in learning studies It is typically measured from the start of one trial to the start of the next trial and therefore includes the time that stimuli are presented as well as the waiting period to the next trial So in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment if one rings the first bell CS for 10 seconds and gives food US at the end of the bell and then rings the bell for the 2nd pairing 50 seconds after food the ITI is 60 sec Learning typically improves with longer intertrial intervals Interstimulus Interval usually denoting the time between the conditioned stimulus hint and the unconditioned stimulus reward Test trial The extent of conditioning may be tracked by test trials In these test trials the CS is presented alone and the CR is measured A single CS US pairing may suffice to yield a CR on a test but usually a number of pairings are necessary Trace Interval The CS and US do not overlap Instead the CS is presented a period of time is allowed to elapse during which no stimuli are presented and then the US is presented The stimulus free period is called the trace interval Delay Conditioning The tone CS continues through out the trial and only ends once the US has occurred Trace Conditioning The CS is turned off before the US stimulus begins it uses a shorter CS that terminates some time before the onset of the US requiring the animal to maintain a memory trace of the CS to the associate with the subsequently arriving US Backward Conditioning In classical conditioning backward conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus Unlike with traditional conditioning models in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus the conditioned response tends to be inhibatory This is because the conditioned stimulus serves as a signal that the unconditioned stimulus has ended Simultaneous Conditioning CS and US are presented at the same time Excitatory Conditioning CS After a number of CS US pairings the CS elicits a conditioned response CR that increases in magnitude and frequency Acquisition the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned Learning Rate the degree to which the prediction error changes current association weights a value that can range from 0 to 1 and controls how much learning takes place Asymptote the approach toward a full level of response or cure after many learning trials Extinction A previously acquired association would become diminished through the repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance of a conditioned response after an operant has Inhibitory Conditioning response after each trial been taken away Disinhibition Conditioning experiments where a response has been eliminated Higher Ordering Conditioning refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral e g a light is paired with a conditioned stimulus e g a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus Prediction Error The difference between whether the animal expects the US and whether the US actually occurs predictor of the future Blocking Classical Conditioning occurs only when a cue is both useful and no redundant Error Correction the errors on each trial lead to small changes in performance that seek to reduce the error on the next trial US modulation Theory it proposes that the manner in which the US is processed determines what stimuli become associated with that US Rescorla Wagner Model a model of classical conditioning in which the animal is theorized to learn from the discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens CS Modula Thoeries they propose that the way attention to different CSs is modulated determines which of them become associated with the US Mackintosh Model that people and animals have a limited capacity for processing incoming information This limited capacity means that paying attention to one stimulus diminishes our ability to attend other stimuli Ecological Bias Biological constraints on learning refers to he limitations on a species ability to learn new tasks that are imposed by physical restraints or cognitive mental abilities of the species Latent Inhibition a reduction in learning about a stimulus CS to which there has been prior exposure with out any consequence that is no US Eyeblink model form of classical conditioning that has been used extensively to study neural structures and mechanisms that underlie learning and memory The procedure is relatively simple and usually consists of pairing an auditory or visual stimulus the conditioned stimulus CS with an eyeblink eliciting unconditioned stimulus US e g a mild puff of air to the cornea or a mild shock Na ve organisms initially produce a reflexive unconditioned response UR e g blink or extension of nictitating membrane that follows US onset After many CS US pairings an association is formed such that a learned blink or conditioned response CR occurs and precedes US onset Inferior Olive a structure in the lower part of the brainstem which in turn activates the interpositius nucleus Purkinje Cells are the sole output from the cerebellar cortex the convoluted outer layer of the cerebellum that somewhat resembles the cerebral cortex Any information exiting the cerebellum to the rest of the brain must go out from Purkinje cells 03 15


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