4 Major types of biological macromolecules 1 Proteins do the vast majority of work cell structure 2 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA 3 Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides sugars 4 Lipids fats not every lipid is a fat MC Macromolecules 26 of a cell 60 of that is protein Made up of MONOMERS building blocks of Macromolecules proteins amino acids nucleic acids nucleotides polysaccharides monosaccharides lipids fatty acids Synthesized by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS CONDENSATION reactions and broken down by HYDROLYSIS reactions Dehydration Synthesis H20 is a byproduct Potential Energy stored Hydrolysis H20 is added and Energy is released Reversible reactions All monomers are linked by covalent bonds 1 Polysaccharides Carbohydrates made from condensation reactions bringing together monosaccharides uses 1 energy sources ex glucose 2 structural molecules chitin cellulose 3 cell identification and recognition surface markings on cells sugars ex glycoproteins glycolipids carbohydrate can either mean polysaccharide or monosaccharide General form chemically C2H202 Cn H20 n of Carbons of H20 Molecules Standard conventions for atoms in ring structures Within the ring if not told explicitly it s Carbon C number carbons from left to right Above or below the ring it not told explicitly it s Hydrogen H Monosaccharides typically found in lengths of 3 5 or 6 carbons 6 Carbons HEXOSE SUGAR ex GLUCOSE C6H12O6 In linear form C O at Carbon 1 ALDEHYDE so glucose is an Aldose sugar If C O at Carbon 2 KEYTONE ex fructose If Hydrogen is AHHHbove the ring Alpha Glucose If Hydrogen is BEEElow the ring Beta Glucose Both are molecules of Glucose but are different MCs 3 Carbons TRIOSE SUGAR Glycerol 3 Carbon Backbone w OH Hydroxyl on each carbon the rest filled with Hydrogens But a glycerol MC with a C O at Carbon 1 GLYCERALDEHYDE C3H6O3 NEVER FOUND IN CIRCULAR FORM always straight chain form because its not long enough 5 Carbons PENTOSE SUGAR Ex Ribose C5H10O5 Some monosaccharides have identical formulas but different structures ISOMERS isomers of Glucose C6H12O6 a Mannose a Galactose Fructose just b c it has a 5 member Carbon Ring doesn t make it a Pentose COUNT CARBONS Other Monosaccharides have similar formulas similar structures and related functions TRICK B C THEY LOOK LIKE ISOMERS Ribose C5H10O5 and Deoxyribose C5H10O4 Examine Carefully Two monosaccharides can be brought together to form a disaccharide via a covalent bond GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE a 1 4 glycosidic linkage b 1 4 glycosidic linkage only care about Carbon 1 whether its in the alpha or beta configuration Maltose Cellobiose both monosaccharides are glucose but not all disaccharides are the same monomers Ex Lactose glucose galactose Ex Sucrose glucose fructose The chemical formula for a disaccharide of hexose sugars is C12H22O11 This differs because H2O IS LOST Lost in the condensation reaction Nomenclature 1 monomer monosaccharide 2 monomers disaccharide several monomers oligosaccharide like a chain of 4 because oglio few Hundreds or thousands of monomers polysaccharide Carbohydrates Polysaccharides can be modified linkage of oligosaccharides to other macromolecules such as a protein or a lipid when covalently linked to membrane proteins or lipids carbohydrates act as recognition and identification MCs chem markers glycoproteins and glycolipids BLOOD TYPING addition of chemical groups such as Phosphate Pi groups and amine groups NH2 ex glucose glucoseAMINE which can be chitin if further modified ex galactose galactosAMINE joint joint substances Polysaccharides serve as 1 chemical sources of energy or 2 structural compounds Cellulose Starch Glycogen 1 Cellulose PLANT CELL WALLS the most abundant carbon containing organic compound on the face of the Earth found in plant cell walls the primary component in fact D linear unbranched polymer of glucose fibril just glucose linked to glucose through b 1 4 glycosidic linkages glucose b 1 4 glycosidic linkage glucose b 1 4 glycosidic linkage glucose b 1 4 glycosidic linkage fibrils held together by hydrogen bonding between the individual fibrils by convention the second molecule is upside down if it doesn t fit it won t work SO rotate 2 MC 180degrees 2 Starch FOOD found chiefly in seeds fruits tubers roots and stems of plants energy storage LOOSELY branched polymers of glucose linear chains connected to each other by a 1 6 glycosidic linkages but individual MCs connected by a 1 4 a little bit of ANGLE through a linkage not straight fibrils like in cellulose the 2 MC doesn t need to be rotated it fits anyways picture looks CURVE Y not a straight line because of the a 1 4 glycosidic linkages energy glucose savings account 3 Glycogen FOOD IN ANIMALS found in muscle and liver cells of animals energy storage HIGHLY branched polymers of glucose bank savings account for animals How ANIMALS store Glucose 1 location 2 Degree of branching these two things differ between starch and glycogen Glycogen figure is copied and pasted from the starch picture but is SO HIGHLY BRANCHED because animals need to be more efficient ex Run away from predators so they have to put the same amount of glucose in a smaller place 2 Proteins we are the product of our proteins and protein activity study of proteins PROTEOMICS account for most of the dry weight in the cell 60 of macromolecules involved in nearly all types of cell functions structures hair keratin storage egg whites albumin transport RBCs hemoglobin movement muscles actin and myosin cells can move themselves except bacteria cells they swim regulation metabolism catalysis getting work done in the cell most of our useful genetic information instructs the cell how to build proteins PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Proteins are the macromolecule AMINO ACIDS are the monomer basic structure of an amino acid Alpha Carbon in the center w 4 available spots One end is just a Hydrogen One end N TERMINUS Amino Group N because of Nitrogen that s what makes it AMINO One end C TERMINUS Carboxylic ACID Carboxyl Group One end R GROUP 20 naturally occuring R groups in nature R group is the only group that differs between different amino acids makes one type of amino acid different from another Proteins are polymers of amino acids one amino acid to another is a condensation dehydration synthesis reaction releases Water result covalent bond is called a PEPTIDE BOND ALWAYS BRING INCOMING AA s N TERMINUS TO THE PRE EXISTING C TERMINUS Nomenclature two AA dipeptide three AA tripeptide a few AA oligosaccharides A long chain of AA a