Plant Drugs Acetyl salicylic acid 1899 Bayer ASA willow bark Ma huang ephedra heart problems used in weight loss supplement with caffeine raised BP and HR vasoconstrictor patients die from unidentified heart conditions Ginkgo Procera Castor Bean equivalent to Coumadin believed not true blood thinner vision memory early onset Alzheimer s ornamental jewelry leave ricin behind when extracting castor oil ricin Not good warfare weapon very toxic Nicotine stimulant Opium Coffee Colchicine Cinchona Tree quinine after fertilization plant synthesizes scopolamine strychinine structure depressant collected after flowering induces sleep Afghanistan Syria suppress cough hallucinate GI paralysis chronic constipation Lysergic Acid LSD Found in plants infected by Ergot fungus Ergot infected Rye bread hallucinating women were witches Ephedrine ephedra Yohambine Alkaloid Vinblastine Viagra male aphrodisiac difficult to break down complex configuration ground covers Cyanogenic Glycoside Cactus Cassava Plant toxic component in root Cardiac Glycosides Foxglove sterol Lectins nuts Amanita muscaria Sweet Pea lectin need to eat a lot before reaction Laetrile supposedly anti cancer in mexico apricot pits Periwinkle anti tumor glycoside PCN Coca cocaine stimulant London Fleming discovered when working with fungi and had windows open and spores flew onto petri dish coca suppress appetite chewing leaf Laborers Altitude sickness depressant effects too Nutrients vitamins b c riboflavin prevents scurvy Cocaine concentrated extract from coca leaf Anesthetic Bolivia Peru Digestion stimulate CNS Antiseptic Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters Indians energy suppress hunger high stimulant Khat Middle east Ethiopia DC taxi drivers Chew leaves happy May cause heart disease Broken down in short period 3 4 days stimulant Sri Lanka Most consumed in UK today Tea Discovered with goats Active ingredient caffeine goats became agitated after eating coffee leaves active ingredient caffeine Coffee stimulant Middle East Chocolate stimulant theobromine Peyote cactus stimulant Mexican religious ceremonies native to Mexico Hallucinate Mescaline Chew on slices of cactus Alcohol made with sugar and fermenting agent yeast depressant Kava depressant chew leaves and spit chemical concentrates in cup leaves filtered active chemical released in saliva euphoria Soma stimulant hallucinogen increased awareness delirium amanita muscaria mychorrhizal on trees muscimol ibotenic acid poor people would drink urine of rich who ate the mushrooms and concentrated their urines as well GABA agonist increases level of GABA muscimol after ingestion psilocybin magic mushroom Hallucinogen Absinthe Thujone alcohol extracted from Artemisia absinthium wormwood very bitter believed to produce addiction hyper excitability hallucinations active ingredient removed used perforated spoons with sugar cube resulting milky color 75 alcohol convulsant Marijuana psychoactive cannabis sativa stimulate appetite anti nausea pain relief THC major cannabinoid Resembles sedative hypnotics First used as fiber robe makes you forget brought in by Mexicans became popular when soldiers used for PTSD exudate female canneboid Morning Glory Convolvulaceae contain at least 50 genera at least 50 different genera hallucinogen vines eat seeds open at morning Fungi mycotoxins alfatoxins most carcinogenic naturally occurring toxin peanut butter damages liver developed burlap bags and placed peanuts in bags and hung from trees found to minize alfatoxins appropriate technology risk analysis finding way to lower alfatoxin growth neurotransmitter chemical excreted from neural cells to tissue tincture alcohol extract of plant Writing a Scientific Paper literature cited easiest materials and methods 2nd easiest AOEC results 3rd easiest discussion most difficult Title and Author Abstract Introductions Past studies studies that have not been done objectives of this study Literature Review What has been published that is relevant Who did the experiment Acknowledgements Materials and Methods Must include new methods via AOEC Data method must be able to be repeated Results Discussion Why data does or not agree with previous studies suggested future studies Summary Literature Cited History Shennung 2700 BC Earliest to study herbals Listed 355 plant drugs ephedra ricinus papaver Looked at toxicity first record Ebers papyrus loaded with magic and superstition Hipocrates bodily fluids must be balanced homeostasis Theophrastus classified plants Discorides DeMateria Medica plant harvest drug preparation illustrated plants in color William Turner after printing press invented described 280 native plant species with drawings exchanged between countries William Withering 1785 An account of the foxglove and its medical uses Tested dosages digitalis strengthened heart tissue and caused to excrete urine normally First scientific account of folk medicine Tested dosages of digitalis Provided before and after drawings of patients before after swellings Chemistry Alkaloids ring structure with nitrogen Angiosperms Protection antioxidant present by chance Nicotine first discovered then morphine opium strychnine caffeine colchicine within 15 years 1800 Solubility properties vary CNS depressant stimulant anesthetics anti tumor Nonheat labile Break down slowly Alcohols hydroxyl groups water hemlock Carbohydrates C H O polysaccharides gained interest with anti inflammatory anti coagulants anti tumor anti viral Glycosides sugar non sugar moiety Cyanogenic Glycosides glycoside with CN Blocks ETC oxygen uptake cyanosis 50 types found in rose family apple seeds apricot pits believed to have anti cancer properties in Mexico taken off market everywhere else cassava roots Manihot yucca Steroid Glycosides glycoside attached to steroid Cardiac Glycosides treat heart disease in instantaneous response Saponins glycosides Add water foamy solution forms Cosmetic industry Ivy plant Prevents infection of fungus by interacting with membrane sterols so fungus cannot grow Weakly absorbed in warm blooded toxic to cold blooded animals fish harvesting licorice laxative hides taste DM anemia stamina Coumarin Glycosides found in moldy hay cows would hemorrhage and lose fetus anti coagulant warfarin rat poison Proteinaceous Compounds lectins Proteins bound to saccharides Found in seeds disappears when germinate Aid in clotting heat labile ricin blocks protein synthesis and mistletoe Polypeptides fungus amanita mascaria death angel fungus