Green Tea:Callelia sinesisMinimal oxidationGeorge Kamel – named after himSinesis: from chinaImportant for history of chinaBelieved to help control bleeding, digestion, wounds, body temperature, blood sugarNative to AsiaShrubFresh leaves contain 4% caffeineWhite, Green, Oolong: from calleliaGreen tea: from unfermented leavesActive ingredient: polyphenols – bitter taste, antioxidantAntioxidants fight free radicalsExtraction with alcohol as solventEGCG: anti-inflammatory effectsCan treat hepatitis?Clinical Studies:Men were found to have lower cholesterolPreventative measure against cancersFound that Japan has lower cancer rates, believe its due to their green tea intakeStudies were performed by tea companiesCADLiver dzInteractions:Precautions with: stomach ulcers, CAD, HTN, kidney dz, liver problems, psych - anxietyPregnant/breast feedingAdenosine, anti-coagulants, chemo, ephedrine, BCP, lithium, caffeineBlack CohoshAngiospermOriginally by native americans (GYN, renal, depression)Post European (GYN, RA, lung, neuro)Collect from roots and rhizomesActive ingredients: saponins, fukinolic acid, resin, caffeic acid, isoferulic acidActein and fukinolic acidFound in roots and rhizomesLast “forever” but are usually contaminated with fungusProcessing:Root/rhizome extractionAlcohol extractionRemifemin: type of black cohosh supplementStandardized to 26-deoxyactein –tablet/capsuleTreatments:PMS, menopausalMuscle spasmsDepressionClinical testing:No significant effects on hormones, vagina, uterus – no clinical trials on neuroDetrimental to people with liver disordersActein: evidence of breast cancer cell growthDrawbacks: few included placebosContraindications:No researchEchinacea:AngiospermsDrought tolerant perennialConeflowerTaproot system or rhizomes: growthGrown in winterActive ingredient in roots!Use vegetable washers to clean rootsTemperature should not exceed 110 F to remove bacteria or fungi, but not high enough to lose active ingredientUsage:Immune enhancing abilities: cold, UTI, combat herpes, woundsStudy tested ginseng lopinavir interaction:Not used in cancer and HIV patientsPhenolsE purpurea: cichoric acid, caftaric acidE pallida: echinacosidePhenols, alkylamids, flavonoids, polysaccharidesNot to be taken with immunosuppressive drugsContraindications:Nausea, abd pain, asthma, anaphylaxisnot to be used with immunosuppressantStudy: interactions between echinachea, ginseng, lopinavir (HIV med)Caused kidney, liver damage: but controls HIV growthYerba mate:Grows for 4-5 yearsGrows in south AmericaHistory:2 brothers fought and split and discovered itimmune system, detoxify, hair color, aid fat loss, reduce aging, combat fatigue/stmulate mind, inhibit effects of diseasediffer in caffeine contentTea: contains leaves and stemsFlash heated, dried at low temperatures, stored in cedar chamber for 1 yearConsumption:Drank out of a gourd that had a filter and poured hot water over itPresent in energy drinksClincal trials:No data proving weight lossUniversity of Tennessee studyPhenolic (caffeic acid, quininc acid, rutin), saponins, xanthines (caffeine, theombrine, theophylline)Use:MAO inhibitor – treating depression, attention deficit, mood disordersvitaminsActive ingredients: (do most of the work) – stimulant and diuretic functionCaffeine, theophylline, theombrineCaffeine and theombrine: stimulant and diureticContraindications:Too much caffeine?Pregnant/breast feedingCAD, HTNAnxietyTaking MAO inhibitorsPossibly causes oral/esophageal cancerSmall studySyngerstically with alcohol or tobacco to cause cancerTakes 1 liter a dayCastor Oil PlantCastor oil: lubricant, topical skinSeeds  ricin (toxic poison)Mediterranean basin, East Africa, Indiamost grown in India and brazilHistory:Laxative (Ebers Papyrus)Lamp oilBody ointmentDe-wormingMain constituent: ricinoleic acidCosmetic useLaxative, induce laborMoisturize hair and skinClinical trials:Not used with diureticsAnti-imflammatory, analgesic, induce abortion, anti-cancerIndustrial Use:used in soaps, biofuelLeaf and Root Extract:Terpenoids, tocopherol compoundsAlcohol solventAnti-histamine and anti-inflammatory: from root barkAnti-microbial properties from leavesLeaf extract said to show promise in treating melanomaRicin: most toxic. Inactivates ribosomes.Found in seed – byproductFound in waste when making castor oil.Heating denatures ricin proteindie in 3 – 5 days2 mg IV is lethal, 25 mg oral – 8 seeds. But if you eat seeds won’t do anything because seeds have tough shellsfever, coughing, v/d, seizure, dehydradationnot to be used as a wmd – only effective for a couple peopleCHECK ARTICLE MAGGIE SENTCranberries:Native to north Americaused to prevent scurvydry harvest: picked by motors. doesn’t damage as much as wet harvestwet harvest: flood beds, berries floatTreatment:UTINDM prevents adhesion of helicobacter pylori to stomach: inhabits stomach liningantioxidantanti-cancerClinical Trials:UTI: showed decrease in bacteriaDental plaque: NDH prevented adhesion of bacteriaPolyphenolic extracts inhibit growth/proliferation of tumorsContraindication/side effect:Take cautiously with warfarin, liver affecting, asaGI sxsPast kidney stone hxValerianMade from rootsOriginally used as sedativeExtracted from rootActive ingredient: ­unidentifiedMost likely a synergistic effect of multiple compoundsVolatile oilIridoidIncrease GABA in synaptic cleftUsed rhizomes and stolomesUsed as mild sedative – chewed on rootsShakers grew valerian in USTreatment:SleepDigestiveNeuroHAClinical trials:Mixed resultsLittle researchDrawbacks:Small, not good studiesValerian acupressure: found increased sleep, and waking reducedContraindications:Pregnant, liver dz, with MAOI’s – cause drowsinessSide effects:PalpitationsGarlic:Allian, polysaccharides, saponinsAllicin: responsible for antimicrobial, lipid reducing, fibrinolyticLower BP, reduce clotting, treat CAD, lower lipids, treat atherosclerosisUnproven: URI, GI, menstrual, DM, otitis, angina…Clinical testing:Induces growth and differentiation of breast cancerFound to reduce BPWhat to not be used with:AnticoagulantsHIVOral contraceptiveAdverse Effects: HA, fatigue, coagulation alterations, GI, bad breath/odorAstragalus:root is usedimmunomodulator (promotes helper T cells). Anti-inflammatory. Antioxidant (anti-aging with telomere shortening). Adaptogen (helps body respond to stress and maintain metabolic stability).TCM and recently in Western MedicineAstragaloside IV and cycloastragenol: active