Plant Drugs- Acetyl salicylic acid- 1899 Bayer ASA- willow bark- Ma huang: -ephedra- heart problems- used in weight loss supplement with caffeine – raised BP and HR (vasoconstrictor)- patients die from unidentified heart conditions - Ginkgo:- equivalent to Coumadin (believed, not true)- blood thinner- Procera- vision, memory, early onset Alzheimer’s- Castor Bean- ornamental, jewelry- leave ricin behind when extracting castor oil ricin- very toxic- Not good warfare weapon-- Nicotine- stimulant- Opium- after fertilization, plant synthesizes scopolamine = strychinine structure- depressant- collected after flowering - induces sleep , suppress cough, hallucinate, GI (paralysis/chronic constipation)- Afghanistan/Syria - Coffee - Colchicine- Lysergic Acid- LSD- Found in plants infected by Ergot fungus- Ergot-infected Rye bread – hallucinating, “women were witches”- Cinchona Tree- quinine- Ephedrine- ephedra - Yohambine- Alkaloid- “Viagra” : male aphrodisiac - Vinblastine- difficult to break down, complex configuration- “ground covers”- Cyanogenic Glycoside- Cactus- Cassava Plant- toxic component in root- Cardiac Glycosides- Foxglove, sterol- Lectins- nuts- Amanita muscaria- Sweet Pea- lectin- need to eat a lot before reaction- Laetrile- supposedly “anti-cancer” in mexico- apricot pits- Periwinkle- anti-tumor - glycoside- PCN- London- Fleming discovered when working with fungi and had windows open and sporesflew onto petri dish- Coca/cocaine- stimulant- coca: suppress appetite (chewing leaf). Laborers. Altitude sickness. (depressant effects too). Nutrients. (vitamins b, c, riboflavin – prevents scurvy) - Cocaine: concentrated extract from coca leaf. Anesthetic. - Bolivia/Peru- Digestion, stimulate CNS- Antiseptic - Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters- Indians: energy, suppress hunger, high- Khat- stimulant- Middle east/ Ethiopia (DC taxi drivers)- Chew leaves = happy- May cause heart disease- Broken down in short period: 3-4 days- Tea- stimulant- Sri Lanka. Most consumed in UK today- Discovered with goats- Active ingredient: caffeine- Coffee- stimulant- Middle East- goats became agitated after eating coffee leaves- active ingredient: caffeine - Chocolate- stimulant- theobromine - Peyote cactus- stimulant- Mexican religious ceremonies (native to Mexico)- Chew on slices of cactus- Hallucinate- Mescaline - Alcohol- made with sugar and fermenting agent (yeast)- depressant- Kava- depressant- chew leaves and spit- chemical concentrates in cup, leaves filtered- active chemical released in saliva- euphoria- Soma- stimulant, hallucinogen (increased awareness), delirium, - amanita muscaria - mychorrhizal on trees- ibotenic acid  muscimol (after ingestion)- muscimol : GABA-agonist, increases level of GABA- poor people would drink urine of rich who ate the mushrooms and concentratedtheir urines as well- psilocybin- magic mushroom- Hallucinogen- Absinthe- alcohol extracted from Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)- very bitter- believed to produce addiction, hyper excitability, hallucinations - active ingredient removed - used perforated spoons with sugar cube: resulting milky color- Thujone - 75% alcohol - convulsant - Marijuana: psychoactive – cannabis sativa - stimulate appetite, anti-nausea, pain relief- THC : major cannabinoid - Resembles sedative hypnotics- First used as fiber, robe- “makes you forget”- brought in by Mexicans, became popular when soldiers used for PTSD- exudate female canneboid- Morning-Glory-Convolvulaceae , contain at least 50 genera-at least 50 different genera- hallucinogen- vines, eat seeds- open at morning- Fungi/mycotoxins- alfatoxins- most carcinogenic, naturally occurring toxin- peanut butter- damages liver- developed burlap bags and placed peanuts in bags and hung from trees, found to minize alfatoxins (appropriate technology)- risk analysis : finding way to lower alfatoxin growthneurotransmitter: chemical excreted from neural cells to tissuetincture: alcohol extract of plantWriting a Scientific Paper- literature cited: easiest- materials and methods: 2nd easiest (AOEC) - results: 3rd easiest- discussion: most difficultTitle and AuthorAbstractIntroductionsPast studies, studies that have not been done, objectives of this studyLiterature ReviewWhat has been published that is relevant. Who did the experiment. AcknowledgementsMaterials and MethodsMust include new methods via AOEC. Data/method must be able to be repeated. ResultsDiscussionWhy data does or not agree with previous studies, suggested future studiesSummaryLiterature CitedHistoryShennung: 2700 BC. Earliest to study herbals. Listed 355 plant drugs: ephedra, ricinus, papaver. Looked at toxicity (first record)Ebers papyrus: loaded with magic and superstition Hipocrates: bodily fluids must be balanced – homeostasis Theophrastus: classified plants Discorides: DeMateria Medica (plant harvest, drug preparation, illustrated plants in color)William Turner: after printing press invented, described 280 native plant species with drawings; exchanged between countries. William Withering: 1785, An account of the foxglove and its medical uses. Tested dosages.- digitalis, strengthened heart tissue and caused to excrete urine normally. First scientific account of folk medicine. Tested dosages of digitalis. Provided before and after drawings of patients (before/after swellings)ChemistryAlkaloids: ring structure with nitrogen. Angiosperms. Protection, antioxidant, present by chance. - Nicotine: first discovered, then morphine, opium, strychnine, caffeine, colchicine (within 15 years, 1800) - Solubility properties vary. - CNS depressant/stimulant, anesthetics, anti-tumor- Nonheat labile- Break down slowlyAlcohols: hydroxyl groups: water hemlockCarbohydrates: C, H, O- polysaccharides gained interest with anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, anti-tumor, anti-viralGlycosides: sugar, non-sugar moiety Cyanogenic Glycosides: glycoside with CN. Blocks ETC/oxygen uptake.- cyanosis - 50 types- found in rose family, apple seeds, apricot pits (believed to have anti-cancer properties in Mexico, taken off market everywhere else), cassava roots (Manihot), yuccaSteroid Glycosides: glycoside attached to steroidCardiac Glycosides: treat heart disease in instantaneous responseSaponins: glycosides. Add water, foamy solution forms. Cosmetic industry.- Ivy plant. Prevents infection of fungus by interacting with membrane sterols so fungus cannot grow- Weakly absorbed in warm-blooded- toxic to