Course ReviewDay 11/4/12alkaloid: ring structure containing nitrogenresponsible for compounds of poisonous plantspresent for protection – has a bitter flavorASA: from willowsDiscovered by Bayer“the dose makes the response”first chemicals found were water soluble: because of the lack of organic solvent knowledgemost compounds are non-heat labileRed Tie: algae dysfunctions and produces poisonous compoundIngested by oysters, shellfish, and by humans (toxic)Mahoung: ephedraUsed in weight loss supplements, causing cardiac eventsUsed in combination with caffeine in weight loss supplementsSynergistic effects with ephedra.Increasing blood pressure and thermogenesisPatients die from unidentified heart conditionsAlternative vs. Complimentary Medicine:60soffice of alternative medicine opened at NIHGingko: old tree. Told to improve memory (not proven).IS an effective blood thinnerClinicaltrials.govToxic Fungi/mycotoxins: **field of study: alfatoxinsMost carcinogenic, naturally occurring toxin.Found in peanut butter.Damages liverIf control mode of growth of peanuts, can control amount of alfatoxinsRisk AnalysisDeveloped burlap bags and placed peanuts in these bags and hung from trees = found to minimize alftatoxinsAppropriate TechnologyPsychotropic ReactionsDrug-Herb Interactions:ContraindicationsMost often people will blame any adverse effects on the food they ateLow authenticity of drug interactionsDay 21/7/13example power point:cancer.govhistorycollection, processingadulterant: material that has been added to a productsometimes proved to have poisonous effects sometimescontaminants: presented through improper storage when travellingex: fungal contaminationanalytical information: whats there and how do they identify whats thereex: HPLCcontraindications ** include in power pointChemicals Found in Plants:AlkaloidsAlcoholsCarbohydratesSaccharidesGlycosidesCyanogenic glycosidesSteroid glycostidesCardiac glycosidesSaponinsProteinaceous compounds (ex: resin, super toxic, from castor bean)ProteinsPolypeptidesAminesPhenolicsSalicylic acidCoumarinsTerpenoidsToxic Compounds:We’ve only discovered 1/2 of the total toxic compoundsLocated in leaves of plantAt time of day with highest amount of photosynthesis: concentration of toxicity peaksHuman interactions with plant:Gut flora will increase/decrease toxcitiy depending on toxinHow difficult to ingest a toxic dose? Must ingest a LOT for toxic effectsSometimes bitter toxic taste can be hidden by other flavorsHeat labile toxins lost through heatingWhere do toxic effects occur:EsophagusStomach, GINOT lungsHistory of MedicineAfter religious era, drank potions of crushed plantsChinese medicine: eating entire plant. Better than just eating the leaves because you get all of the chemicalsPillsPenicillin: Fleming, LondonGrowing fungi in petri dishWith window open, PCN spores flew in and landed on petri dishTetracyclineTurning to Medicinal Plants:Losing trust in doctorsOnline websitesCheaper“natural is good”, back to natural stateAlternative/Complimentary MedicineAlternative is no longer used as a term, we now use complimentaryDay 31/8/13Shennung: 365 plant medicines (2700 BC)EfedraResins –castor oilPapeverine (poppy)Discussed what they were used forFirst record where plants were looked at for toxicityEbers Papryus (1500 BC)Magic/superstitionHipocrates (460 BC)Bodily fluids one contains (blood, bile) and how they had to be in balance with eachotherNo talk of plants“balance”. Keep body in good conditionTheophrastas:Started classifying plantsDioscorides:Described 600 plants and cultivation and harvestDrug preparationIllustrated the plants in colorWrote the book: demateria medicaDark Ages: magic and superstitionDisease resulted by flying venom given off by elves and goblins. Worked with wormwood.15th century: printing pressWilliam Turner: described 200 native English species and medicinal uses, complete with drawingsInformation duplicated and sent from country to countryAccumulating information about plantsWilliam WitheringAn account of the foxglove and its medical usesFirst true scientific account of the use of a folk medicineTried different dosesResearched heart diseaseAnother name for plant: digitalisArticle included drawingsDigitialis encouraging heart beat: causing individual to excrete urine normallyProvided before and after pictures1800-1900s: isolated pure drugsmorphine: 1816strychnine 1817atropine 1819quinine and colchicine: 1820most of the compounds are alkaloidsBayer: 1899ASA*MOST Important occurrence: 1966phone survey in US: do you use any alternative medicine. If so, how much did you spend, what did you take…found people were using alternative medicationsas a result, office of alternative medicine at NIH formedprayer, hands on therapy, acupunctureAlkaloids:Ring structure with Nitrogen atomFound typically in angiosperms. More common in certain families, then in certain species.First discovered nicotine: 1803Opium and morphineStrychinineColchicineVariable solubility propertiesMultiple roles in addition to providing protection against predatorsProved to have antioxidant propertiesOr just present by chance“tie up oxygen with antioxidants”vary during the daypoppy: goes up during sunlight, decreases at nightchincona bar: treatment of quininevary upon presence of ultraviolet lightmay vary by chancebreak down very slowlyEffects:DepressantsMorphineScopolamine (eye dialation/ anti-motion sicknessStimulantsCaffeineAffect involuntary muscle system and CNSEfedra (stimulate heart rate)Yohumbine (Viagra effects/ to increase sexual drive – male aphrodisiac)AnestheticsCocaineAnti-tumor agentsProduct of periwinkle plantsVinblastineAlcoholContains one or more hydroxyl groupsWater hemlockCarbohydratesCarbon, hydrogen, oxygenSaccharidesAnti-inflammatoryAnti-coagulatesAnti-tumorAnti-viralGlycosidesA molecule containing a sugar and nonsugarCyanogenic glycoside: glycoside containing cyanideCyanide dangerous because prevents uptake of oxygenCyanosisAt least 50 different kindsFound in rose family (roseaces)Found in apple seeds and pits of apricotsFound to have no anti-cancer properties at allFound in cherry lawl (shrub)Also found in roots of cassava plants – manihot – yucca (like potato)Steroid glycosideGlycoside with steroidCardiac glycoside: digitalisCauses muscles of heart to strengthenHeart beat goes downinstantaneous responseSaponin: cosmetic industryIvy plant, prevent infection by fungiInteract with membrane sterols of fungus so fungus cannot