Linguistic Class Notes Post Midterm 10 17 Lecture 14 Morphology Inaccessibility o Quality that something is not able to be accessed o Principle meaning of the word o Some core meaning of a word o Lots of morphemes should be able to find single root Root Affixes o Not a core meaning but add to meaning Once we find a root should be able to find other words o Same core meaning for the root o Should be able to see same meaning show up o Consistent form and consistent meaning across words Q What is the root in inaccessibility A Access Do the affixes in the word inaccessibility have a consistent form and meaning across words o Other words preceding a root with in not Incapable Inadequate Inconsistent In precedes a root and means not o Other words following a root with able able to be Xed o Other words following a root with ity Believable Reachable Inflatable Mediocrity Sensitivity Rarity Equality Scarcity A morpheme is a pairing of sound form and meaning function So when you compare multiple words and find o Consistent pronunciation o Consistent meaning o Across many forms then we know we have a morpheme Divide into root and affix o Immaturity Mature root Im affix Ity affix o Arguments Argue root Ment S separate morpheme making plural o Uncivilized Un Civil Civilized ed How do we justify that any sequence of sounds is a morpheme Free Morphemes o Type 1 Grammatical Function Closed Class Determiners the a n some his etc Prepositions in on with from etc Conjunctions and but or Aux Modal verbs can might should is verbing has o Type 2 Lexical Context Open Class Nouns elbow understanding beauty baseball Verbs sing study breathe know Adjectives happy blue charming Adverbs quickly gladly soon How many function words are in the following sentence o The clever young woman has been reading a book about her favorite subject 6 o The has been a about her Bound morphemes o Bound morphemes cannot stand alone o E g ed s pre un ist ation o Bound morphemes do not contribute the main meaning to the word vs the root and are also called affixes o Prefixes come before the root o Suffixes follow the root Less ing ity en tion o Cirumfixes surround the root Indonesian A lihat see B percaya believe Infixes break up the root Freakin How to identify morphemes kelihatan thing that is visible kepercayaan belief o Find the root o Among the remaing pieces find ones that get used in other words o The addition of each affix creates a stem which could also stand alone as a word o Tip you can t rely on spelling or number All the words below contain same affix er false o Painter louder father helper bigger o Root in father o Two suffixes er depend differently louder bigger helper painter Morphology is rule governed too o We can figure out what lexical category gorf must be by the affixes that join it o Gorf regorfed a gorfer was gorfing o We would only be able to do this if We store a consistent form and meaning of each affix If we have a rule determining which lexical category the affix Isleta can join o temiban I went o amiban you went o temiwe I am going o mimiay he was going o tewanban I came o tewanhi I will come I te You He Go Come Cats catsup Pumped pumpkin o Cat o S o Pump o Ed 10 24 12 The goal of linguistics is to understand the mental representation of language as a system of human cognition o How humans represent language in their brain o Language as one data point for figuring out about human cognition Linguists and phonologists can work together but they are in 2 different professions false o Phonologists as linguists o Phonologists are linguists one type Study syntax syntacticians Sound system phonologist phoneticians Looking at patterns How things are articulated building block o Linguistics is the big thing everything else is sub set aspects doctors cardiologist Mental representation of language Human cognition From lexicon to production o Mental grammar will have lots of pieces o Lexicon mental dictionary of all the words you know morphology o Phonology d t voice b zd Kist Lexical categories you are expected to know 128 9 and glossary phonology o Lexicon b z V kIs V d past o Morphology V d V Past past past o Open Class content Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs o Closed Class function Prepositions Relationship words In of about for between Determiners Articles The a some Auxiliary Verbs Would will Can might should will shall could Forms of to be in combination Form of to have has eaten Is singing Frames for identifying 3 open class categories IMPORTANT o Content and function o Identify nouns Det e g the or a dog or preacher or circle Note some nouns cannot follow a Det names pronouns etc Something is a noun if you can put a determiner right in front of it be complete o Identify verbs Aux verb e g can or has or is swim swum swimming Co occur with auxiliary verbs Can swim might swim will swim Has swum has eaten has tried Is can go with verb if its ing Reading not a verb o Identify adjectives The pretty or red or silly noun Pretty woman red ball silly clown happy girl The noun adjective o The lexical category categories of gold is are Noun adjective o Syntax The study of the structure of phrases and sentences The systematic ways words combine to form phrases The systematic ways phrases combine to form o You may have thought sentences Languages have sounds Sounds combine to make words Words combine to make sentences o Accurate to say Features combine to form phonemes Phonemes combine to form morphemes Morphemes combine to form words Words combine to form phrases Phrases combine to form sentences True Sounds are decomposable into features etc Sentences are further decomposable into phrases Hierarchically structured o Sentences phrases constituents words morphemes phonemes o The noticeably overweight tourists ate grilled shark in a thick buttery o Units within o Something going on chunks certain words together Speaker intuitions about grammaticality o Native speakers of any language have a similar not identical mental grammar representation of the internal structure of that language o Judgments about sentences should reflect the mental grammar of features sauce speakers o Native speakers should make uniform judgments about sentences in that language Jack and Jill ran up the hill Jack and Jill ran up the bill o Bill hill difference Jack and Jill ran the hill up Jack and Jill ran the bill up o Not ok o Fine Up the hill ran Jack and Jill Up the bill ran Jack and Jill Goal of linguistics via Noam Chomsky o What