Study Guide Exam 1 Tony Berardi 1 2 3 Describe the basic components of fitness So physical activity is defined as anything that involves muscle contraction and exercise is a structured program there is a purpose The purpose is to improve the basic components of fitness which include cardiovascular body composition muscular strength flexibility balance and agility Describe the SOAP method SOAP stands for subjective testing objective testing assessment and plan It is the basic procedure you will follow if you ever prescribe exercise The subjective testing is the medical history exercise history and any then else that can present a problem The objective is the actual testing part and includes cardio strength endurance power flexibility neuromuscular and functional tests The assessment is just looking over the results and classifying the results Plan is obviously planning a program Describe some exercise tests The standard is called a graded exercise test or GXT This is the VO2 test on the treadmill There are some contraindications which you should look at on your notes Then you have anaerobic which is the short tests and this shows power Then you have endurance tests strength tests and flexibility neuromuscular and functional every day activities 4 What is the normal protocol for healthy individuals Every protocol follows the FITT principle or frequency intensity time and type For aerobic you have 3 5 days at 60 80 their VO2 20 60 min Resistance is 2 3 days till volatile fatigue 8 12 reps for strength 10 15 for endurance and 10 14 exercises Flexibility is 7 day to the point of tightness All populations roughly follow this protocol with some adjustment Obesity 1 What are the methods to classify and what are the body fat distributions There is the skin fold test but the standard is the BMI in kg m2 Know ranges for the BMI You will have to calculate this for every case study The distributions are either abdominal or the hips The scientific names are android and gynoid Android or the abdominal is the worst There are also two ways the adipose cells can grow there is hyperplastic and hypertrophic So you get fat by the adipose Tony Berardi tissues are hyperplastic is when the number increases and hypertrophic is the size increase Once you get more fat cells you have them for life that is why it is hard for obese people to keep of the weight 2 What is the pathophysiology Simply eating more calories than burning There is a genetic disease though called Prader willi syndrome Can also be from hypothyroidism thyroid hormone increase metabolism 3 How do you manage and what is the medication Exercise You want to burn an additional 500 700 kcal daily They do have fat suppressers and CV pills but they raise blood pressure and can cause neurological problems If you are 40 BMI or 35 with other problems you can qualify for a bypass and gastric binding 4 1 What is the exercise prescriptions The only considerations should be taken if they have other risks So Aerobic 5 7 40 60 VO2 20 60 min aerobic is the top priority Then comes the resistance 2 3 days 60 80 their 1 RM and 2 4 sets And flexibility will be every day You want to remember that motivation is their biggest obstacle also injury Diabetes What are the types Diabetes is characterized from blood hyperglycemia because there body can t absorb the glucose Type 1 diabetics have no Beta cells these produce insulin the hormone that uptakes glucose therefore it s an autoimmune disorder They require insulin injections This is the rarer type The most common type is type 2 meaning their insulin receptors aren t taking the insulin Their body might produce enough but they are insensitive to it This usually happens with obesity Then you have gestational diabetes which only happens during pregnancy The baby is therefore more likely to up type 2 And there are other possible causes such as infections chemicals which can cause it 2 What are the risks For type 1 they have an acute risk of ketoacidosis This happens when they blood Ph lowers which happens with the excessive production of ketones Since their body can t utilize the glucose if they haven t had an insulin injection in a while it starts to metabolize fat which makes ketones as a byproduct This lowers the pH making the blood more acidic BAD They can also become hypoglycemic This can be hard to think about cause they are characterized as being hyperglycemic their blood in hyperglycemic not their organs Their organs will become hypoglycemic when they can t get enough glucose brain mostly Chronic risks are Macro vascular atherosclerosis and Micro vascular retinopathy nephropathy peripheral neuropathy which can lead to amputation and autonomic neuropathy 3 What are the testing and prescription indications Tony Berardi The main goal for diabetics is to lower their blood glucose Exercise will help this plus it will improve the body s insulin sensitivity if they are type 2 Obviously look for CAD risk factors age family history smoking dyslipidemia etc before you begin The most important consideration is to monitor their blood glucose before during and after and immediately stop if they start to feel hypoglycemic Some things to be aware of his that if they have autonomic neuropathy their heart rate might be blunted And you want to avoid exercises with high resistance and stress because of the risk of retinopathy Follow the basic aerobic protocol of 4 7 days 20 60 min and basic resistance of 2 3 times 4 What are the precautions you should be aware about Good footwear is a must because of increased peripheral neuropathy Limit the jarring movements because of retinopathy Defiantly avoid exercising during peak insulin activity can lead to hypoglycemia Hyperlipidemia 1 What are the characteristic Hyperlipidemia is referring to the levels of the lipoproteins LDL HDL and the triglycerides When you absorb fat it combines with proteins in the liver because it is hydrophobic so it can t travel freely in the blood then it becomes a lipoprotein These are the chylomicrons VLDL IDL LDL and HDL Chylomicrons transport fat that you just consumed while VLDL transports endogenous fat These lipoproteins react with lipoprotein lipase LPL which hydrolyze the fat out Once they are hydrolyzed they become IDL it s just an intermediate Then LPL removes more triglycerides and they become LDL Now they contain mostly cholesterol which is then deposited in the arteries HDL is they to pick up that cholesterol and carry it to be excreted 2