1 A ligand is a molecule that binds to a A protein by covalent bonds b A protein by noncovalent bonds c Any molecule by means of noncovalent bonds d Any molecule by covalent bonds e None of the choices are correct 2 Which of the below occurs during fatty acid catabolism a Glycolysis b Beta oxidation c Transamination d Deamination 3 Modulator molecules a Bind to proteins and cause a conformational change that facilitates or inhibits the binding of the functional ligand to its binding site b Enable ligands to bind to their binding sites by phosphorylating the ligand c Prevent ligands from bindings to their binds sites phosphorylating the ligand d Denature proteins containing binding sites for ligands 4 Protein kinases a Add phosphate groups to proteins b Produce effects similar to allosteric modulation c Perform the opposite function as phosphatases d Use ATP to carry out their reactions e All of the above are true 5 Which is not connective tissue cell a Bone cells b Skeletal muscle cells c Blood cells d Fat cells e Cartilage 6 If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases then a negative feedback control mechanism would be expected to a Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood b Increase the amount of sodium in the blood c Leave the amount of sodium unchanged d Change the set point for sodium 7 A ligand gated ion channel can open in response to a A change in the membrane potential b The binding of a neurotransmitter to the channel protein c Mechanical stimulation of the membrane d All of the above 8 Cell membranes a Are components of the cytosol b Consist primarily of protein and carbohydrates c Consist primarily of phospholipids and proteins d Consist primarily of phospholipids and protein and are components of the cytosol 9 Which of the following list the levels or organization of the body in the correct order a Cells organs tissues organ systems organisms b Organism organ system organ tissue cell c Organism organ organ system tissue cell d Cell tissue organ organ system organism 10 Which of the following is a way that the activity of an enzyme can be modified a Allosteric activation b Allosteric inhibition c Covalent activation by phosphorylation d Covalent inhibition by phosphorylation e All of the above are correct 11 solution A is 10 molar glucose in water Solution B is 20 molar glucose in water The two solutions are separated by a membrane which is permeable to water but not glucose What will happen a Water will move from Sol A to Sol B b Water will move from Sol B to Sol A c Glucose will move from Sol A to Sol B d No movement will occur e Glucose will move from Sol B to Sol A 12 Substance X enters an epithelial cell by crossing the apical membrane diffuses across the cytosol and then exits the cell across the basolateral membrane This process is called a Paracellular pathway b Active transport c Osmosis d Transcellular pathway 13 After spending several days at a high altitude where oxygen pressure is low a person will begin to produce more red blood cells which enhance the ability of his her blood to carry oxygen to the tissues Which of the following control mechanisms best describes this response a Developmental acclimatization b Positive feedback c Physiological acclimatization d Feedforward regulation 14 Which of the following is NOT one of the four major categories of biological molecules a Sugars b Lipids c Nucleic acids d Proteins 15 Which of the following is NOT true regarding the affinity a binding site has for a ligand a Can be influenced by the shape of the binding site b Can be influenced by the presence of charged groups on the ligand and the binding site c Is a measure of how readily a bound ligand can be released from the protein d Is due to covalent bonds between the ligand and the protein 16 Ammonia is a A waste product of fatty acid metabolism b Excreted by the kidneys into urine c A waste product of amino acid metabolism d Can be used to synthesize glucose 17 When ions cross a membrane by facilitate diffusion a ATP is used b The membrane protein can become saturated c The ions move from low concentrations to high concentration d The ions do not bind to the membrane protein 18 The process during which a protein is made from mRNA is called 19 The developmental process that leads to specialized cell types is called a Transcription b Translation c Occurs in the nucleus d B and C a Genomics b Differentiation c Homeostasis d Positive feedback e Acclimatization 20 RNA synthesis from a DNA template a Is called translation b Is called transcription c Occurs in the cytoplasm d Is called transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm 21 A chemical catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by a Acting as one of the reactant molecules b Decreasing the energy of activation c Increasing the energy content of the product molecules d Increasing the temperature of a solution 22 Before an amino acid can be broken down for energy a The side chain must be removed b The carboxyl group must be removed c It must be converted to NAD d The amino group must be removed e It must be phosphorylation 23 Enzymes a Are catalysts in chemical reactions b Can be carbohydrates molecules c Are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze d Have names generally ending in the suffix ose e Are described by all of the choices 24 The cell type for which the main function is to communicate with other cells and control their activities is a Epithelial cells b Muscle cells c Connective tissue cells d Nerve cells e All of the choices are correct 25 Which of the following is NOT true of the cytoskeleton a It refers to the cellular competent of bone b It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments c It is important for cellular movement d It helps to determine a cell s shape e None of the choices are false 26 Consider the following reversible reaction M N Y Z at chemical equilibrium which of the following is correct a Increasing the concentration of M will drive the reaction to the b Increasing the concentration of M will drive the reaction to the c Decreasing the concentration of Y will drive the reaction to the d Increasing the concentration of Y will drive the reaction to the right left left right 27 Which of the following statements is NOT true about allosteric proteins a They contain more than one kind of binding site b They undergo a change of shape when a ligand binds to the regulatory binding site c They are always activated when a modulator molecule binds to the regulatory site d All of