Midterm Studyguide Anthropology contemporary human diversity The study of humanity including its prehistoric origins and 1859 Charles Darwin on the origin of species Theorists Franz Boaz Cultural relativism father of American anthropology Claude Levi Strauss Symbolic anthropology Herbert Spencer Unilineal Evolutionism survival of the fittest evolve to equilibrium Clifford Geertz Interpretive approach Marvin Harris Cultural materialism Margaret Mead Cultural developmental theory Ruth Benedict Personal Identity psychology Franz boas student B Malinowski Functionalism Lewis Henry Morgan Unilineal evolutionism Julian Steward Material Unilineal evolutionism Karl Marx Social theorist end of capitalism Theoretical Perspective Cultural Relativism The perspective that a culture must not be judged on the values and morals of a different culture Symbolic Anthropology Studying a culture through symbolic words objects and actions with culturally defined meanings Interpretive Approach Cultures are best understood by studying what people think about their ideas and meanings Unilineal Evolutionism Different social statuses form a single line from primitive to civilized Multilineal Materialism relationships between culture and environment effect it Functionalism The idea that a culture is similar to a biological organism in which all the parts work to help the whole Personal Identity Distinct personality of an individual Cultural Developmental Theory Structural reorganization of a culture over time Culture Peoples learned and shared beliefs and behaviors History Theory Evolution as a theory 1 Variation exists within a species 2 Variation is inheritable 3 There is a struggle for existence In a particular environment some variations may provide benefits 1 2 Such benefits will be demonstrated through differential reproduction and mortality Research Methods Ethnographic Research Question Oriented Applied Longitudinal Team Multisited Techniques Participant Observation Interviews Questionaires Watching Asking Life History Texts Team Projects Realism Interpretive Experimental Reflexive Making a Living Modes of Livelihood Foraging Searching for and gathering food Horticulture Growing crops in a garden with small hand tools Pastoralism Using the byproducts of animals Agriculture Growing crops in large quantity and fields Industrialism Mass production through mass employment and commercial business Consumption and Exchange Reciprocity essentially gift giving Redistribution leveling mechanism make sure no one has too much power Market Exchange Money Supply and demand determine value of goods 1 Productivity and Efficiency Industrialism but not sustainable Reproduction Sex Gender Reproduction Asexual Sexual Sex Biological difference between male and female Gender Culturally constructed behaviors attributed to male female and blurred genders Inclusive Fitness Theory How many offspring can be produced and supported number of equivalent it can add to offspring by supporting others Disease and Healing Disease Biological health problem that is universal Illness Culturally shaped perceptions of a health problem Shaman Shamanka Male and female healer respectively Kinship and Family Identify Charts Peoples symbols Descent Derivation from ancestor Bilineal Unilineal Cross cousin Parallel cousin offspring of fathers sister or mothers brother offspring of fathers brother or mothers sister PROP 8 Walker s Ruling Banned prop 8 Unconstitutional 14th amendment