Review Questions for Chapters 1 2 3 4 5 BSC 109 Name 9 characteristics of Living Things Organization Made of cells All use energy Homeostasis Respond to environment Growth development Reproduce Hereditary traits Adapt to environment Name 4 defining features of humans Bipedalism able to stand upright and walk on two legs Opposite thumbs able to grasp objects between thumb and tips of fingers Large brains relative to body size Language capacity both written and spoken Name the Domain Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Family Genus and species for humans hint Kings play chess on funny green squares Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Subphlylum Vertebrata Eukarya Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Sapiens Name the 5 steps of the scientific method o Problem Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion What is the goal of science vs technology Which source of scientific information is the most accurate o Scientific journals Anything that has mass and occupies space and is composed What is matter of elements What is an element form Pure substance cannot be broken down into simpler Where are protons neutrons and electrons located What is the charge of each Proton positive charge located in the nucleus Neutron no charge located in the nucleus determines determines element isotope Electron negative charge participates in chemical reactions outer shell electrons determine chemical behavior What 4 elements of the 92 naturally occurring elements make up 96 of the human body Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen What grows if a person does not get enough of the trace element Iodine Goiter may develop Define covalent ionic and hydrogen bond know an example of each bond type Covalent bond two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons strongest type of bond bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in a molecule of water Ionic bond attraction between oppositely charged ions NaCl Hydrogen bond weak attraction H O H separated Why is water a polar molecule Weak electrical attractions between neighboring water molecules SB The electrons of the covalent bonds are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen Polar molecules Contain polar covalent bonds in which there is unequal sharing of electrons Electrically neutral overall but uneven charge distribution Name 5 properties of water Cohesion Water has high heat capacity Water is less dense as ice Water is a solvent Dissociation of water molecules What does the pH scale measure Acidity Measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solution What is the pH range for an acid and a base What pH is considered neutral 1 14 1 most acidic 7 neutral water 14 most basic What is the function of a buffer Substances that prevent harmful changes in pH by accepting hydrogen when in excess and donating when depleted Minimize pH change and help maintain stable pH in body fluids What is a hydrolysis reaction Adding water molecule to break apart macromolecules releases energy What is a dehydration reaction Reverse of hydrolysis Removing water to link units requires energy to build macromolecules What are the 4 basic macromolecules Carbohydrates o Used for energy and structural support o Contain carbon hydrogen oxygen Proteins o Function depends on shape o Polymer made of amino acids Nucleic Acids o Store genetic info and provide info used in making proteins o DNA and RNA Lipids o Insoluble in water o Energy storage o Triglycerides phospholipids steriods What are the characteristics and properties of each macromolecule What are the building blocks of each macromolecule Carbs monosaccharaides Lipids triglycerides Proteins amino acids Nucleic acids DNA RNA Know examples of each macromolecule What is high fructose corn syrup 55 fructose 45 glucose What is an organic molecule Contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds What is the difference between a simple and complex carbohydrate Simple made of monosaccharaides Complex composed of di and polysaccharides also energy gets stored Know the difference and common examples of mono di and polysaccharides Mono simple sugars glucose ribose fructose Di 2 mono linked sucrose maltose lactose Polysaccharides many monos joined store energy starch cellulose glycogen Who stores glycogen Starch What monosaccharide are they made from Why or how are they different What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated lipid Polysaccharides o Glycogen animals o Starch plants o Both made from glucose Saturated o Max number of hydrogen atoms o All 3 tails fatty acids o In fats animals Unsaturated bond o In oils plants What is a phospholipid One end hydrophobic one hydrophilic Form cell membrane Glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate What is a peptide bond Created by dehydration synthesis o Fewer number of hydrogen s at the location of double What factor s can effect protein folding Temperature pH ion concentration presence of inhibitors What are the four types of protein folding Primary secondary tertiary quaternary What are the roles proteins in the cell Who won the Nobel prize for the Nature paper describing the double Helix Watson Crick Wilkins What are the differences between RNA and DNA DNA RNA What are the bases in DNA ATCG Adenine thymine cytosine guanine What are the bases in RNA AUCG Adenine uracil cytosine guanine How do the bases pair in a DNA strand In an RNA strand DNA RNA o A pairs with T o C pairs with G o A pairs with U o C pairs with G Eukaryotic What is the function of Which cell has a true nucleus prokaryotic or eukaryotic Nucleus center of genetic material chromatic DNA control center of cell Cytosol cell fluid holds organelles Plasma membrane contains the cell as a whole controls what goes in and out of cell phospholipid bilayer Nucleolus region of RNA and protein Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis free or bound to ER Rough ER bound ribosomes creates proteins distributed by transport venicles Smooth ER synthesizes lipids detoxifies poison stores calcium metabolizes carbohydrates Golgi Apparatus packaging export center refines Lysosome enzymes recycle dead cells parts recycle synthesized material center Chloroplasts in plants photosynthesis center energy Mitochondria cellular respiration ATP production powerhouse of cell Which organelles are part of the Endomembrane system ER R S Golgi Lysosomes What is a phospholipid bilayer 2 membrane layer that is composed of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads