The Chesapeake 09 12 2013 Life in the 17th Century Chesapeake Demographics 6 persons per square mile Malaria a great debilitator weakens you to a great extend makes more venerable to other diseases Life expectancy 48 years for men 44 for women in the 17th century Parental death most children lost one parent 1 3rd lost both Harsh living conditions 1 room shack about dorm room size not floor very few utensils Unfree labor 85 percent of immigrants to 17th century Maryland arrived as indentured servants 80 percent of the indentured servants were men about age 20 Most served 5 7 years Gender imbalance As late as 1704 men outnumbered women 4 1 Marriage and Pregnancy Immigrant women married at 25 native born women at 17 Premarital pregnancy about 10 percent of births out of wedlock Up to 1 3 of women pregnant when the wed Less parental and community control Tobacco s Troubles Price collapse in 1629 price sink 97 from 36 pence pound to 1 pence pound Stabilized at 2 3 pence pound Cost about 2 pence pound to produce Productivity o 65 000 pounds shipped annually in early 1620 o 1 million pounds by end of 1630 s o 20 million pounds by late 1670 s Little Opportunity o Little upward mobility o Poor living conditions Land exhaustion o Could only plant tobacco for 3 successive years Marriage age and population growth o Age of marriage increases number of children declines Bacon s Rebellion Bacon arrives as wealthy 29 year old Establishes a plantation upriver from Jamestown Conflict with local Indians Sesquehannahs Doegs and Nathaniel Bacon and Gov William Berkeley Bacon raises an army and attacks Susquehannahs and Piscattaways Occaneechees Bacon burns Jamestown Sept 19th 1676 Bacon dies October 26th 1676 from dysentery Bacon becomes a symbol of discontent From Servants to Slaves Few servants came to Chesapeake by 1690s Planters turn from servants to African slaves o Only 4 000 slaves in MD and VA by 1680 o 100 000 slaves arrive 1690 1770 Slave demographics and low fertility of immigrants Origins of African American Society Three stages of community development First stage 1650 1690 o Small populations little community most slaves immigrants o Conflicting legal status before c 1660 Second stage 1690 1740 o Large scale slave importations peak about 1740 o Small plantation sizes o Social conflicts among slaves Third Stage 1740 1790 Slave importations declines Plantation sizes increase Black population grows More stable communities St John Island Slave rebellion on St John island o Danish colony in 1733 o 1087 blacks 208 whites o Held island for six months but not all slaves supported the rebellion The Carolinas Rice and Slaves 09 12 2013 English Monarchs 1603 1702 James I 1603 1625 Charles I 1625 1649 Charles II 1660 1685 James II 1685 1688 William and Mary 1688 1702 The Restoration Colonies The church of England in the colonies Charles Woodsman an Anglican missionary in the Carolina backcountry in 1760 s described his listeners as of abandon d Morals and proflige Principles Rude Ignorant Void of Manners Education or Good Breeding No genteel or Polite Person among them Outside the church of England there was little control over religion and source of decent morals There s no religious ministers to marry people so they traded cattle for their wives and such England really never had a strong influence of religion in the south Weird because now the deep south bible belt is the most religious part of the country There were no atheists though Colonial Ties The Navigation Acts and mercantilism o Mercantilism Government control of foreign trade is essential to a nation s prosperity and security o The colonies would provide markets for the English manufactured goods and source for raw materials o Other nations would be excluded from the colonial trade o England is trying to come up with ways the benefit the mother country England in a trade Colonists put up with it for the most part but sometimes they didn t obey because it was much cheaper and more profitable for themselves o Restoration colonies Carolinas New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania Carolinas Early settlement o 1663 grant by Charles II o Early settlers from Barbados Products livestock tobacco lumber turpentine pitch o Tarheels and Jack Tars Introduction of rice Rice Annual plant Traditionally grown in Africa Labor intensive more than tobacco A lot like sugar need a large labor bases and continuous work The people from Barbados know how to grow because it is exactly like sugar Requires ample water for flooding fields when setting young seedling low marshy land that has a lot of water available Slaves and free black in Carolinas Frist African Americans in Carolinas o Uncertain legal status some bought freedom married whites allowed to vote Advantages of slave labor for planters o Labor for life o No worries over bad press o Close connection with Barbados o Knew how to grow rice o Immunity to some diseases Yellow fever in Charleston 1699 Disadvantages of slave labor o High initial cost o Runaways Rice was very profitable 416 pounds capita in Charleston A lot of slaves and wealth is generated by the slaves o S P G or Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Slavery and Society Black majority 1708 Slavery and religion Parts o Polygamy Growth of community life among slaves Conflict and accommodation o Task system and black markets o Regulations on clothing and food Quaker Pennsylvania 09 12 2013 William Penn 1644 1718 William Senior s career at sea o Joins royal navy in 1642 English Civil war o Agrees to serve under the Puritans William Sr s dispute with Oliver Cromwell Cromwell didn t like where Penn Sr put his nephew in the Navy o 1652 raid on Jamaica Penn under Charles II The admiral and King James o 1965 battle with Dutch in English Channel Penn the Quaker William Junior s education o Christ Church Oxford Student life at Oxford o Paris o Lincoln s Inn London William Penn becomes a Quaker 1667 George Fox 1624 1691 Founder of the Quakers Quaker theology the Inner Light or Light of Christ Compared to a cult today in modern terms very far outside the church of England Seen as dangerous heretics Quakers challenge the Social Order Refused to tip their hats caps to their social betters Wore their hats in court they didn t see the need to respect people because everyone was treated equal Refused to take oaths and refused to bear arms Accepted women in unprecedented equality Quakers in Society Influential Quakers o 60 000 Quakers by 1680