Corrections Chapter 7 Notes Prison Today 1 Stages of US prison development 9 a History of Prisons in America i Penitentiary The earliest form of large scale incarceration punished criminals by isolating them so they could reflect on their misdeeds repent and reform 1 Created by the Pennsylvania Quakers ii The Pennsylvania System The 1st historical phase of prison discipline it included the Pennsylvania solitary confinement in silence iii The Auburn system The 2nd historical phase of prison discipline it followed the Pennsylvania system and allowed inmates to work silently together during the day while being isolated at night b Stages of Development i Penitentiary Era 1790 1825 Reform through penitence reflection punish mind and ii Mass Prison Era 1825 1876 Prison is a place for punishment iii Reformatory Era 1876 1890 Focus on education iv v Punitive Era 1935 1945 emphasized strict punishment and custody Alcatraz sought Industrial Era 1890 1935 Inmates worked in prison industries soul revenge vi Treatment Era 1945 1967 Medical model where criminal behavior where crime is regarded as a disease to be treated with a certain type of therapy vii Community Based Era 1967 1980 Offenders can be rehabilitated by using community resources viii Warehousing Era 1980 1995 indeterminate sentencing is replaced by determinate sentencing and there are issues with overcrowding Incapacitation Just Deserts Era 1995 present focuses on punishment and retribution ix 2 Prisons today a Numbers and types of prisons i Approximately 1 1 325 state prisons 2 84 federal prisons ii On January 1 2010 state and federal prisons held 1 613 740 inmates 7 of those imprisoned were women iii Prison population has quadrupled since 1980 b Inmates by sex i Women represent the fastest growing population in correctional facilities ii The majority of women in prison is from a racial minority young poor uneducated and have a history of past physical or sexual abuse c Race white males Hispanic i The rate of imprisonment for African American males is six times greater than that of ii 1 in 3 black males will go to prison in lifetime iii Overall by race 41 of the US prison population is Black 37 is White and 20 is d Sentences i In State Prisons 1 52 are violent criminals 2 18 are property criminals 3 20 are drug law violators ii In Federal Prisons 1 53 are drug law violators 3 Prison programs a Classification Assignments are based on 1 Offense history 2 Assessed dangerousness 3 Perceived risk of escape i External Classification systems determine which custody level to assign an inmate to ii iii Inmates may move among the security levels depending on their behavior Internal classification systems determine placement and program assignment within an institution We look at education work history chemical dependency health conditions etc and determine which programs we need to offer iv There are three security levels 1 Maximum highly staffed thick and tall walls strict control over movement and visitors there are less programs etc 2 Medium less dangerous uses mostly barbed wire etc 3 Minimum white collar criminals more freedom for prisoners and many of these are open v The typical prison today is a medium or minimum custody b Work i Three types of assignments 1 Operational assignments within the institution 2 Community projects 3 Prison industry They provide products for government or nonprofit agencies like working in the auto shop or license plate industry ii Federal Prison Industries 1 Established in 1934 2 Meaningfully employs inmates 3 Provides job skills training 4 23 cents 1 15 per hour 5 Inmates require high school diploma or GED to earn maximum wage rate i A significant number of prisoners cannot read or write well enough to function in society ii Prisoner illiteracy is 3x worse than the US adult population iii Education programs readily available c Education d Health care i Estelle v Gamble deliberate indifference to serious medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment ii The requirement that prison conditions including the delivery of health care must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare Principle of Least Eligibility iii Deliberate indifference The correctional institution had knowledge about the needs of an inmate but did not act on it 4 Prison Organization a Rated Capacity The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to an institution b Operational Capacity The number of inmates that a facility s staff existing programs and c Design Capacity The number of inmates that planners or architects intend for the facility services can accommodate d Operation costs of prison i On average states spend 28 650 a year to incarcerate one offender ii Maine has the highest reported annual operating cost per inmate whereas Alabama has the lowest iii Differences in the cost of living variation in employees salaries climate and inmate to staff ratios are the reasons for the variation among the states iv Arkansas is right around the national average e Federal Prison System Classification System i There are 5 security levels 1 Administrative maximum ADMAX 2 High security US Penitentiaries 3 Medium Security Federal Correctional institutions Low Security Federal Correctional Institutions 4 5 Minimum Security federal prison camps