CHAPTER 4 Solute substance that is dissolved in a solution ex NaCl Solvent dissolves a solute ex water Solution contains a mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent Molarity moles of solute per liter of solution M mol L Concentration can be written with brackets ex Cl represents concentration of Cl Strong Electrolyte dissolves in water to produce ionic solutions completely dissociates Ex NaCl s H2O l Na aq Cl aq Non Electrolyte doesn t ionize when dissolved in water doesn t dissociate to form ions Ex C6H12O6 s H2O C6H12O6 EXCEPTIONS None Ag Pb2 Hg2 Ag Pb2 Ca2 Sr2 Ba2 2 INSOLUBLE OH hydroxide EXCEPTIONS Group 1 NH4 PO4 phosphate CO2 carbonate S2 sulfide slightly w Ca2 Sr2 Ba2 SOLUBLE Group 1 Li Na K NH4 ammonia NO3 nitrate C2H3O2 acetate Group 7 Cl Br I SO4 sulfate Writing Equations 1 Balance each individual compound to neutralize the charge 2 Balance the entire equation Dilutions M1V1 M2V2 concentration mol volume L PRECIPITATION REACTIONS Write the total net and ionic equations given KI aq Pb NO3 2 Write the total net and ionic equations given AgNO3 aq Na2CrO4 aq Write the total net and ionic equations given CrCl3 MgSO4 ACID BASE REACTIONS gas evolution Arrhenius acid produces the hydronium ion H3O HCl monoprotic 1 H dissociates H2SO4 diprotic 2 H dissociates H3PO4 triprotic 3 H dissociates Arrhenius base produces the hydroxide ion OH Neutralization Reaction forms a SALT H2O HCl aq H aq Cl aq H aq H3O H interacts w H2O Write the total net and ionic equations given HCl aq NaOH aq Write the total net and ionic equations given Ca OH 2 aq 2CH3CO2H Write the total net and ionic equations given HCl aq NH3 aq REDOX REACTIONS Redox Reactions 1 Assign oxidation numbers EVERY metal has oxidation of 0 2 3 4 5 Identify the redox pairs Calculate the number of electrons transferred per atom Adjust stoichiometry of redox pairs to balance electrons transferred Balance the remaining species Reduction oxidation number decreases gains electrons Oxidation oxidation number increases loses electrons Reducing agent is always what is oxidized Oxidizing agent is always what is reduced What is oxidized and what is reduced during the combustion of iron metal What is the oxidizing and reducing agent in Sn 2 aq Fe 3 aq Sn 4 aq Fe 2 aq Clicker What is the reducing agent 4Al 3O2 2Al 2O3 Clicker How many electrons are transferred Cu 4HNO3 Cu NO 3 2 2NO2 2H2O What volume of 0 15M Fe 3 aq is required to oxidize 3 9g Zn titrated Fe3 aq Zn s Zn2 aq Fe s How much 0 25M solution of H2SO4 aq is required to oxidize 4 3g Li metal H2SO4 aq 2Li s 2Li aq H2 g SO4 2 What is the oxidizing and reducing agent given NH3 O2 NO H 2O STOICHIOMETRY BALANCE EQUATIONS How many grams of NaOH is required to react with 25 0g Cl2 gas How many moles of HNO3 made from 6 mol of NO2 NO2 g H2O l HNO3 l NO g If 80 0 kg of H2O and 65 0 kg of Li2O react how many kg of LiOH are prepared What is the molarity of a solution containing 2 355g H2SO4 diluted to 50mL H2SO4 2H SO4 2 Based on the above equation what is the concentration of SO4 2 How many grams of NaOH is required to prepare 500 0mL of 1 25 M NaOH Clicker How many chloride ions are present in 15 6mL of 1 50M chromium chloride solution CrCl3 H2O Cr3 3Cl What is the final concentration if 75 0mL of 3 50M glucose is diluted to 400 0mL DILUTION TITRATION A 25 0mL sample of acetic acid requires 94 7mL of a 200M sodium hydroxide solution What is the concentration of acetic acid in the original sample