ELEMENTS TO KNOW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 46 47 50 53 54 55 56 78 79 80 82 86 Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Pd Ag Sn I Xe Cs Ba Pt Au Hg Pb Rn Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Palladium Silver Tin Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Platinum Gold Mercury Lead radon Avogadro s Number find the number of molecules 1 mole 6 022 x 1023 Planck s Constant 6 6260693 x 10 34 Js Speed of Light 3 0 x 108 m s Giga mega kilo METER deci centi milli micro nano pico 109 106 103 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 ammonium hydronium NH4 H3O 1 1 dihydrogen phosphate acetate hydroxide permanganate cyanide thiocyanate hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchchlorate Nitrite nitrate peroxide carbonate oxalate chromate dichromate sulfite sulfate thiosulfate arsenate phosphate monohydrogen phosphate H2PO4 C2H3O2 OH MnO4 CN SCN ClO ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 NO2 NO3 O2 CO3 C2O4 CrO4 Cr2O7 HPO4 SO3 SO4 S2O3 AsO4 PO4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 dihydrogen phosphate monohydrogen phosphate HPO4 acetate ammonium arsenate carbonate chlorate chlorite chromate cyanide dichromate hydronium hydroxide hypochlorite nitrate Nitrite oxalate perchchlorate permanganate peroxide phosphate sulfate sulfite thiocyanate CH3CO2 NH4 AsO4 CO3 ClO3 ClO2 CrO4 CN Cr2O7 H2PO4 H3O OH ClO NO3 NO2 C2O4 ClO4 MnO4 O2 PO4 SO4 SO3 SCN 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 CATIONS 1 Ag silver CATIONS 2 Co2 cobalt Mn2 manganese Hg2 Ni2 nickel Zn2 zinc 2 mercury I CATIONS 3 Bi3 bismuth Monoprotic Acids CH3COOH Acetic Acid HCOOH Formic Acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HClO3 Chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid HNO3 nitric acid HN02 nitrous acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HF hydrofluoric acid HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid Diprotic Acid C2O4H2 oxalic acid C2O4 oxalate H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid H2CO3 carbonic acid Triprotic Acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid H3AsO4 arsenic acid AsO4 arsenic Bases C5H5N pyridine NH3 ammonia NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca OH 2 calcium hydroxide Mg OH 2 magnesium hydroxide CaO calcium oxide MgO magnesium oxide Hydroxide OH Units of measure CHAPTER 1 Dimensional Analysis conversions Sig Fig Rules Volume Density Giga mega kilo METER deci centi milli micro nano pico 109 106 103 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 Sig Fig Rules Density g cm3 mass volume Volume cm3 area 3 Ex A cube of Aluminum Al metal measures 15 6mm on a side It weighs 10 25g What is the density CHAPTER 2 Atoms are made up of protons neutrons and electrons are mostly empty space o Nucleus contains all of the weight protons neutrons Element contains only one type of atom o Defined by the number of protons in the nucleus o Designated by blocks ex S block P block o Can be either a gas liquid or solid most are metals solid Rare earth metals found in batteries motors etc Lanthanides Liquids Hg Cs Br2 Ga I2 Gases N2 He H2 X2 halogen Molecule contains 2 or more different atoms bonded together Is an independent unit o o Ex H20 CO NO2 hydrogen h h Compound contains 2 or more different elements bonded together o Are not independent units o Ex H20 CO2 NaCl GaAs TiN CaCO3 Mixture 2 substances physically intermingled and must be separable o Ex O2 N2 2 NO not a mixture Diatomic Gases Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer o H2 N2 F2 O2 I2 Cl2 Br2 Ion an atom with a different charge caused by the loss or gain of an electron o All Alkalide metals group 1 form 1 charge o All Alkaline metals group 2 form 2 EXCEPT Be 1 Cation positively charged ions lose electrons Ex Ca calcium Ca2 calcium ion 2 Anion negatively charged ion gain electrons Ex Cl chlorine Cl chloride O oxygen O2 oxide N nitrogen N2 nitride Isotope 2 different forms of the same element have different masses different number of neutrons causes the mass to differ protons don t change o o Name isotopes by their mass and element name EXCEPT hydrogen 1H hydrogen 2H Deuterium 3H Tritium Ex Isotopic mass approximate not exact protons neutrons Atomic Mass Unit amu equals 1 12 the mass of 1 atom of Carbon 12 a 1amu 1 66 x 10 24g mass of proton and electron Atomic Mass is composed of protons and neutrons in the nucleus mass 1 amu b Mass on the periodic table is the weighted average of naturally occurring isotopes Ex Carbon 12 is 98 89 abundant in nature with a mass of 12 000amu Carbon 13 is 1 11 abundant in nature with a mass of 13 003amu Based on the isotopes find the atomic mass Ex Chloride z 17 has two isotopes Find the atomic mass of Cl 35Cl 34 9689amu 75 774 37Cl 36 9659amu 24 226 Ex The mass of Chlorine is 35 45amu There are two naturally occuring isotopes Chlorine 35 has a mass of 34 9689amu and Chlorine 37 has a mass of 36 9659amu Find their abundance in nature Percent Composition Mass Atom Volume Pressure Atom of X atoms total atoms x 100 Mass mass X molecular weight Molecular weight sum of atomic weights Mole of carbon 12 atoms in 12 grams of 12C o Avogadro s number 6 022 x 1023 One mole of ANY SUBSTANCE contains 6 02 x 10 Represents the number of molecules in 1 mole molecules 1 mole 23 units GRAMS PER MOLE ARE EQUAL TO THE MOLECULAR MASS 1amu 1g mol o o 1 mole of B has mass of 10 81 grams 1 atom of B 10 81 amu Ex How many grams are in 1 mole of water H20 Ex How many carbon atoms are in a 0 0265g diamond Ex H20 has a density of 1 g mL molecule has mass of 18 01amu One mole of H20 a Has a mass of 18 01g b Has 6 02 x 1023 molecules c Occupies 18mL d All of the above Periodic Table Arranged according to periods on left and families on top columns Organized according to chemical activity Group 1 Alkalide metals 1 charge Group 2 Alkaline earth metals 2 charge Group 15 Pntiogens Group 16 Chalcogens Group 17 Halogens Group 18 Noble inert gases Lanthanides aka rare earth metals Nomenclature Chemical symbol has capitalized 1st letter lowercase …