Philosophy 11001 Dr Frank Ryan Unit 1 Metaphysics Aristotle Philosophy begins in wonder Philosophy Philo Sophia Love of Wisdom Timeline 100 bc end of Minoan civilization 800 bc Homeric age 575 bc First Philosopher Thales Thales All is water argument and reason not myth Rationalist The world is mind like we learn its true nature by the use of reason and logic Empiricist The world is physical we learn about it by using our senses Parmenides 540 470 BC Philosophy needs to remember its commitment to the one 1 principle that everything else derives from If everything manifests the one how is change possible 1 multiple substances in the one ruled out 2 substances can be distributed in nothingness multiple ones also ruled out because nothing cannot exist change does not exist Parmenides Zeno sidekick paradoxes Trust reason not sense 1 Pluralist don t dismiss multiple substances 2 Atomist substance can be distributed in nothingness 500 BC Athens Pericles defeats the Persians Golden Age Corruption of the Assembly Sophists rhetoric persuasion Death of Pericles plague in Athens Pelopenesian War Socrates 470 399 BC Military service Returns to Athens Oracle of Delphi says Socrates is the wisest Level of Knowledge 1 2 3 I think that I know but do not I know I don t know I know that I know I know highest level Know thyself Dialectic Method Q What is justice A Justice is repaying your debts Q exception Charges against Socrates 1 Corruption of the youth of Athens 2 Impiety to the Gods Plato 427 347 BC The wisest should rule Philosopher King The Academy first institute of higher learning Particular physical object Form idea concept definition Particular Strive to be good Truth epistemology Justice ethics Beauty aesthetics What if you could practice injustice and get away with it Form two non parallel lines on a plane surface bisected by a 3rd line For Plato there is no evil there is just the deterioration of good Sophists deterioration of reality ignorance Aristotle 384 322 BC Naturalism Born in Macedonia his father was a physician to King Philip Studied at Plato s Academy Philip was Alexander s father Aristotle tutors Alexander Lyceum founded by Aristotle Aristotle leading expert on everything Form Rationalist 4 Famous Causes Matter Empiricist 1 Material Cause stuff physical matter 2 Efficient Cause mechanical push and pull on matter 3 Formal Cause shape 4 Final Cause idea definition concept Alpha Omega Potential Actuality Inanimate objects physical shape Plant shape and growth Animals shape growth and learn Humans shape growth learn and INTELLECT Intellect Reason the ability to take particulars and abstract them into general concepts that can be communicated by language what sets us apart Happiness is the purpose of studying Philosophy Happiness is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue in a complete life Arete virtue and excellence Practical Reason 1 Common Sense 2 Scientific Reason Theoretical Reason Logic math philosophy most noble Social Relativism Chinese Philosophy INTERNAL Plato Aristotle Reality is EXTERNAL Objectivism 1 true reality Naturalist 1 true path to excellence Confucianism 551 479 BC China very long tradition of centralization Han Dynasty Confucian metaphysics what am i Loyalty and Practical Behaviors Taoism Lootsu Tao te ching Art of social and communal living hermit and exile lead to a life of contemplation philosophical enlightenment TAO SOURCE OF ALL EXISTANCE Yin Yang symbiotic relationship Finding the balance of the tao Buddhism 563 483 BC Buddah spent most of his life in India 4 Truths suffering and redemption indulgence and asceticism Jean Paul Satre 1905 1980 Individual Relativism excistentialism Martin Heidegger Theists Atheists Existentialism existence precedes essence essence precedes existence Forms final cause particular Anguish Anxiety Responsible for myself Loneliness Gods loss is tragic Responsible for everybody
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