PSYC 100: GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #4 (FINAL) STUDY GUIDERemember this is only a guide to help you study. Material not listed here may still appear onthe exam. Anything presented in class or the textbook is fair game but I am not looking to test you about the minor details. Memorization will NOT be enough.I want you to focus on understanding and applying your knowledge so use some of the i>clicker and Assignment questions to also guide how you should be thinking about the material.Happy Studying!Readings Reminder:• Social Psychology --Chapter 12 • Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders --Read all of Section 14.1, 14.2, and 14.5 • Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders --Read all of Section 15.1--Read only the following parts of Section 15.2: --> "Effectiveness of Treatment Is Determined byEmpirical Evidence"--> "Treatments That Focus on Behavior and on Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders" -->"Pharmacological Treatments Are Superior for Schizophrenia" SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Why is it that we are a part of groups and have a need to belong?- Because we are social animals, we live in groups.- They provide security from predators and competing groups- They provide mating opportunities - They provide assistance for hunting food and gathering it.What are social norms? - Social Norms - Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior.Social norm to be obedient in ALL cultures- keeps chaos from reining Socialized early to be obedient to legitimate authority sources (policeofficers)Stanford Prison Experiment — What are social roles and how is this concept related to this study? • A classic study that illuminates the forces at work in situations such as Abu Ghraib(jail in Iraq) • Hade male Stanford undergraduates play the roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison. The students, who had all been screened and found to be psychologically stable, were randomly assigned to their roles.• What happened next was shocking…• Within days, the “guards” became brutal and sadistic (aggressive)• They constantly harassed the “prisoners”, forcing them to engage in meaningless and tedious tasks and exercises.• Although the study was scheduled to last two weeks, it became necessary to stop it after only six days.• The Stanford prison study demonstrated the speed at which apparently normal college students could be transformed into the social roles they were playing.Deindividuation? Under what conditions will this likely occur? Examples of this? • Deindividuation - A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards. Loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (in a group), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts. o 3 conditions that lead to people being deindividuated —high levels of arousal, diffusion of responsibility- don’t feel responsible think someone else will take care of it, anonymity- feeling anonymous because you are in a large group of people.o Things that promote self-awareness. o Ex. Righting your name on a nametag. Identifying yourself Mirror in the bowl of a Halloween candy Conformity? What were the results of the Asch study (textbookand video from class time) Examples of this? - Conformity - a change in ones behaviors to match those of other people or to match other peoples expectations.o Two main reasons we conform -o 1.) Normative Influence- We don’t want to look like a fool.o 2.)Informational Influence- When we assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respondo Asch Paradigm - distortion of judgments. We conform because we are afraid of differing from the group. Conformity drops by 2/3 when people wrote their answers privately without the group member knowing. Having someone else give the correct answer breaks the power of conformity.- Conformity always = Bad?o Also = Harmonyo Allows us to cooperate for the benefit of everyone involved- Conformity- as soon as someone else agrees with you, it makes it seem betterand you are more confident in your answer or actionsObedience to authority? What were the results of the Milgram study? Examples of this? - Social Norms - Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior.- Social norm to be obedient in ALL cultures- keeps chaos from reining - Socialized early to be obedient to legitimate authority sources (police officers)- Much more powerful than we imagine it to be when sitting by ourselves- Compliance - The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. (More likely to comply if a person is already in a good mood).- Milgram Shock Experiments - Teacher (participant) and learner (confederate)- Cover story: examine the effects of punishment on learning- Electric shock increases with every mistake - Could hear participants scream in the other room- causes conflict between personal instincts and the pressure from an authority figure telling you do keep going with the experiment- Situational attribution?- he said “I was just doing my job” blaming it on outside factors when asked why he kept going with experiment.- Power of social situations to influence us in ways we didn’t imagine when we’re alone.-Prosocial behavior and altruism? Compare and contrast these two concepts. Examples of each? - Prosocial Behavior - Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person (doing favors, offering assistance, paying compliments, etc…).- Altruism - The Providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so.(selfless acts, 9/11, firefighters).Bystander effect? Under what circumstances will people fail to help? What research studies were conducted on this topic (in your textbook)? - Bystander Intervention Effect - when people intervene or don’t when something is clearly wrong (depends on how many people are around)- Diffusion of responsibility - everyone thinks someone else will do it and assume someone else will take the responsibility.- How can we get more people to help ?o Being aware of the barriers to helping! – Remembering what you learn during lectures can save lives!- The Human Spark: Chimps vs. Kids (in class video) o Children are eager to help and they enjoy ito Children as young as 18 months engage in behaviors that help other people- this requires a lot of cognitive effort from children – maybe the desire to help is innate in humans o Chimps can help when it involves an