PSYC 100 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 4 FINAL STUDY GUIDE Remember this is only a guide to help you study Material not listed here may still appear on the exam Anything presented in class or the textbook is fair game but I am not looking to test you about the minor details Memorization will NOT be enough I want you to focus on understanding and applying your knowledge so use some of the i clicker and Assignment questions to also guide how you should be thinking about the material Happy Studying Readings Reminder Social Psychology Chapter 12 Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders Read all of Section 14 1 14 2 and 14 5 Chapter 15 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Read all of Section 15 1 Read only the following parts of Section 15 2 Effectiveness of Treatment Is Determined by Empirical Evidence Treatments That Focus on Behavior and on Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders Pharmacological Treatments Are Superior for Schizophrenia SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Why is it that we are a part of groups and have a need to belong Because we are social animals we live in groups They provide security from predators and competing groups They provide mating opportunities They provide assistance for hunting food and gathering it What are social norms Social Norms Expected standards of conduct which influence behavior Social norm to be obedient in ALL cultures keeps chaos from reining Socialized early to be obedient to legitimate authority sources police officers Stanford Prison Experiment What are social roles and how is this concept related to this study A classic study that illuminates the forces at work in situations such as Abu Ghraib jail in Iraq Hade male Stanford undergraduates play the roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison The students who had all been screened and found to be psychologically stable were randomly assigned to their roles What happened next was shocking Within days the guards became brutal and sadistic aggressive They constantly harassed the prisoners forcing them to engage in meaningless Although the study was scheduled to last two weeks it became necessary to stop and tedious tasks and exercises it after only six days The Stanford prison study demonstrated the speed at which apparently normal college students could be transformed into the social roles they were playing Deindividuation Under what conditions will this likely occur Examples of this Deindividuation A state of reduced individuality reduced self awareness and reduced attention to personal standards Loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can t be identified in a group leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts o 3 conditions that lead to people being deindividuated arousal diffusion of responsibility don t feel responsible think someone else will take care of it anonymity feeling anonymous because you are in a large group of people high levels of o Things that promote self awareness o Ex the bowl of a Halloween candy Righting your name on a nametag Identifying yourself Mirror in Conformity What were the results of the Asch study textbook and video from class time Examples of this Conformity match other peoples expectations a change in ones behaviors to match those of other people or to o Two main reasons we conform o 1 Normative Influence We don t want to look like a fool o 2 Informational Influence When we assume that the behavior of o Asch Paradigm distortion of judgments We conform because we are the crowd represents the correct way to respond afraid of differing from the group Conformity drops by 2 3 when people wrote their answers privately without the group member knowing Having someone else give the correct answer breaks the power of conformity Conformity always Bad o Also Harmony o Allows us to cooperate for the benefit of everyone involved Conformity as soon as someone else agrees with you it makes it seem better and you are more confident in your answer or actions Obedience to authority What were the results of the Milgram study Examples of this Expected standards of conduct which influence behavior Social Norms Social norm to be obedient in ALL cultures keeps chaos from reining Socialized early to be obedient to legitimate authority sources police officers Much more powerful than we imagine it to be when sitting by ourselves Compliance The tendency to agree to do things requested by others More likely to comply if a person is already in a good mood Milgram Shock Experiments Teacher participant and learner confederate Cover story examine the effects of punishment on learning Electric shock increases with every mistake Could hear participants scream in the other room causes conflict between personal instincts and the pressure from an authority figure telling you do keep going with the experiment Situational attribution he said I was just doing my job blaming it on outside factors when asked why he kept going with experiment Power of social situations to influence us in ways we didn t imagine when we re alone Prosocial behavior and altruism Compare and contrast these two concepts Examples of each Prosocial Behavior person doing favors offering assistance paying compliments etc Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another Altruism The Providing of help when it is needed without any apparent reward for doing so selfless acts 9 11 firefighters Bystander effect Under what circumstances will people fail to help What research studies were conducted on this topic in your textbook Bystander Intervention Effect when people intervene or don t when something is clearly wrong depends on how many people are around everyone thinks someone else will do it and assume someone else will take the responsibility How can we get more people to help Diffusion of responsibility o Being aware of the barriers to helping Remembering what you learn during lectures can save lives The Human Spark Chimps vs Kids in class video o Children are eager to help and they enjoy it o Children as young as 18 months engage in behaviors that help other people this requires a lot of cognitive effort from children maybe the desire to help is innate in humans o Chimps can help when it involves an object being out of reach for another person chimps help with reaching Attributions about others Personal vs Situational Fundamental Attribution Error Actor Observer Discrepancy Self serving bias Attributes People s explanations for why events or actions occur World hypothesis From this perspective victims must have