COMM 1200 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDEChapters: 4, 9-10, 12-14, 16-19General Tips for Studying Use the questions in this guide as a prompt to your studying and outlining of the chapters, but do not assume that they are exhaustive. Material that is emphasized by your instructor may be used as multiple choice questions or short answer questions, even if it is not directly covered in your textbook or by this study guide.  It is a good idea to outline chapters as you read, leaving room for questions, comments and notes alongside the outline, which you can add in lecture or while reviewing. If there is a list in a chapter, memorize it, and know which chapter it comes from. Make flashcards (or whatever technique works for you) for all vocabularyterms. Be able to apply the knowledge from your readings and class lectures to the activity of public speaking (that is, don’t just memorize, but be able to think critically).Chapter 4: Listening Skills Why is listening important in public speaking for both the speaker and the audience?o Improving your listening skills as both speaker and audience member will help you interpret and use more of what you hear from others in a wide variety of situations. What are the differences between hearing and listening?o Hearing: merely receiving messages in a passive way.o Listening: actively paying attention to what you are hearing; it involves both processing the message to decide on it’s meaning and remembering what you’ve heard and understood. Can you name and explain the two steps of effective listening?o Processing: actively thinking about what you have heard and observed.o Retaining: remembering what you have heard.  What are the six causes of ineffective listening?o Unprocessed note takingo Non-listeningo Interruptive listeningo Agenda-driven listeningo Argumentative listeningo Nervous listening What are the three steps to becoming a better listener?o Filter out distractionso Focus on the speakero Show that you are listening What are the ways you can maximize your audience’s listening?o Anticipate Ineffective listening before your speecho Consider your listeners attention and energy levelso Assess your audiences knowledge and abilitieso Front- and back- load your main messageo Use presentation aids strategicallyo Encourage active listening during your speecho Tailor your delivery o Watch out for argumentative listeners o Watch out for defeated listenerso Watch out for superficial listeners  What are the five guidelines for listening when you are in the audience?o Take noteso Identify main pointso Consider the speeches objectiveso Support your feedback with exampleso Be ethical  Can you define, explain, and give examples of the terms on Speak Up’s page 119?o Unprocessed note taking: writing down a speech word for word without thinking about what is being said.o Non-listening: failing to pay attention to what one is hearing and thus failing to process, understand, and retain the messageo Interruptive listening: the act of interjecting questions or comments before a sender is finished speaking. Both audience members and speakers can be guilty of interruptive listening.o Agenda driven listening: The failure of a speaker to adequately entertain an audiences questions or comments for fear of straying too far from his or her speech points.o Argumentative listening: The act of only listening to a message long enough to get material to feed ones own argumento Nervous listening: Talking through silences during lapses in conversationo Interactive listening: The process of a receiver filtering out distractions, focusing on what others have said, and communicating that he or she has paid attentiono Internal noise: Thoughts that distract a sender or receiver from processing and retaining a messageo Audience surveillance: Analyzing an audiences nonverbal and verbal responses while you give speecho Defeated listening: Pretending to understand a message whileactually being overwhelmed by or uninterested in the subject mattero Superficial listening: Pretending to pay attention while actually succumbing to internal or external distractions, such aswandering thoughts or conversationo Speech critique: Written or oral feedback for a presentations main points and objectives, thoughtfully discusses strengths andweaknesses, and offers suggestions for improvemento Constructive criticism: Thoughtful and tactful suggestions for improvement that take into account what a speaker is trying to accomplish.Chapter 9: Organizing Your Speech What are the steps in selecting your main points?o Consider your purposeo Take audience into accounto Select an appropriate number of main points What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?o Subordination and coordinationo When a sub-point doesn’t fit What are the eight organizational patterns? When is it most appropriate to use each specific pattern?o Spatial Pattern – use this when your topic can be thought of asadjacent to one another in location or geography o Temporal Pattern – use this when you present the info in time-based sequence, from beginning to end. o Casual Pattern – use when your speech is explaining a cause-and-effect relationshipo Comparison Pattern – use when speech around major similarities and differences between tw0 events, objects, or situations.o Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern – use when you want to ask your audience to take specific action or support a particular policy on an issueo Criteria- Application Pattern – use when you propose standards for making a judgment about a topic and then applies those standards to a related topic.o Narrative Pattern - use when you organize your speech as a storyo Categorical Pattern – use when you have a diverse set of mainpoints to support the thesis of your speech What are the types of organizing words and sentences? When is it appropriate to use each?o Transitions: it is a sentence that indicates you are moving fromone part of your speech to the nexto Signpost: words or phrases within sentences that help your audience understand your speech’s structureo Internal Previews: A short list of the ideas that will followo Internal Summaries: A quick review of what you just said about that main point Can you define, explain, and give examples of the terms on Speak Up’s pages 293?o Subordination: creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speecho Coordination: a