History 1100 08 27 2013 James town and the Early Chesapeake Motives and Consequences England in Transition The sixteenth century England a minor power before the 16th century Ireland 1560s 1580s o Total war o The Irish as savages o English and Scottish Protestant settlements established in northern Ireland The English in the New World Objectives in North America Find a northwest passage o Not there then but may soon be Fishing Voyages Taking on Spain Francis Drake o Set out to singe the king of Spain s beard o Voyage around the world in 1577 Motivations for settling in the New World Adventurers o Conquistadors Jamestown Va mostly Colonists or Localists o Plymouth Pilgrims Massachusetts Puritans Missionaries o Franciscans in the Southwest Jesuits in Canada Jamestown 1607 Virginia Company Death at Jamestown o 144 settlers leave England o Only 105 reach the Chesapeake in April 1607 o Only 38 still alive in January 1608 Malnutrition Weakness Disease John Smith o Leads Jamestown colony in 1608 1609 James leave in 1609 Another breakdown 1609 1610 So lamentable was our scarcity that we were constrained to eat dogs cats rats snakes toadstools horsehides and what not 400 of 500 settlers died between September and jan Sir Thomas Dale o Bring new recruits in 1611 More hard times Population only 700 in 1619 3570 new settlers 1619 1622 Population 700 in 1622 Dale reports bowling in the streets Why so much trouble at Jamestown Possible Explanations o Too many gentlemen o Hunger and disease but they could bowl o Communal Organization o Dependence on Indians o Lack of work ethic o Too many adventures o No Simple answer What saved the Colony Tobacco o Provided motivation o Workers could produce 25 200 of tobacco a year o Farm workers only earned 3 a year in England What does this say about settlers motivations Indentured servitude Benefit for landowners o Servants only cost 10 12 each o 50 acre headrights Terms of service o Usually 7 years Hardships Alternative labor and slavery Witchcraft in Early New England Puritanism as a devotional movement Puritans experienced religion in everyday life Providences god doing something in everyday life to make your life better wonders and miracles No blind chance Puritanism that haunting frat that someone somewhere may be happy H L Mencken Anne Hutchinson 1591 1643 13 children Migrated to Boston in 1634 Questioned the preaching of ministers Claimed that God spoke directly to her not providences her only Exiled in 1638 after having a movement where everyone that follows her was meeting in her house and teaching against puritanism beliefs Witches A Collective Portrait 4 to 1 women Middle aged between 40 and 60 years of age English Puritans 1 in 6 childless god didn t love you enough to give you children Domestic troubles Crime accused of other crime before witchcraft acquisition Collective Portrait Doctoring and midwifery gruesome and counter acting Lowering social standing Abrasive character Many times persons of hard favor and turbulent passions are apt to be condemned by the common people for witches upon very slight grounds Not the same as insanity Social Matrix of Witchcraft Why New England o Community v individual people were very close Covenants o Closeness of New England villages o Comparison to Virginia get rich v faith based Changes over time Salem Witch Trials Town History o Dramatic change from 1660 1690 o Salem becomes New England s 2nd largest port o Unequal wealth distribution Porters vs Putnams Tituba and first accusation 1691 Spectral evidence no hard evidence all testimony Evidence against George Burroughs 141 indictments accusations 19 people 14 women 5 men were executions Explanations for Salem speculation spectral evidence urgot poisoning Early Encounters The Pequots o Small pox 1633 o Alliance with Dutch Mohegans and the Narragansetts o Wage war on the Pequots with the Dutch Attack on Mystic 300 700 Pequots killed Themes from the Pequot War Impact of diseases Indians allied with European fought against one another Conflict over trade and resources Taking captives in war vs capturing land and killing opponents Importance of guns cultural differences or differing ideas of war Roger Williams 1604 1683 Middle class parents in London Pembroke College at Cambridge University in 1624 Puritan conversion experience in early teens Chaplain on estate of Sir William Masham country of Essex Married Mary Barnard 1629 Williams in Puritan New England 1630 sailed for Boston Greta migration of non separating Puritans Becomes a separatist Moves to Plymouth radical but not that far out of main street Williams and Native Americans Close relationship begun at Plymouth A Key into the Language of America Christenings Make Not Christians baptism doesn t make you Christian YOU have to want to be Christian Questioned taking Indian land Separation of Church and State Williams concluded that separation from Church of England was necessary A national church was a political church Exiled from Massachusetts Bay Colony in October 1635 Escapes south of Bay Colony Aided by Narragansetts Rhode Island Williams founds Providence R I Returns to England to obtain and protect R I Joined by Anne Hutchinson in 1638 Is eventually Governor in 1650 Religious Freedom Williams God requireth not an uniformity of Religion All should enjoy soul liberty R I welcomed Quakers and Jews Quakers soon dominated the colony elected Quaker governor in Almost no one in colonial New England followed Williams model Rhode Island ridiculed as the dumping grounds for the New 1672 Rhode Island marginalized England colonies Weapons and Tactics only 50 yard range use than matchlock Matchlock smooth bore musket muzzle loading very inaccurate Flintlock smooth bore musket muzzle loading lighter and easier to Proficiency with Firearms A Cultural Comparison The English and hunting land owned by lords can t go out and hunt game no needs for guns unless in the army NO NEED FOR GUNS IN ENGLAND Colonists formed their own militia and they were not using guns regularly so they were not good with guns Indians and hunting Indian men hunted for free time women were in charge of building houses and growing crops Men went out in the forest and hunted and fought Again another cultural divide and differing ideas The Wampanoags and Metacom Metacom or King Philip south part of New England Land was taken slowly by settlers and a lot of small conflicts fights etc Metacom forms an alliance of indian groups new New England to try