Exam 2Groups and Organizations 1. Groups 2. Reference groups: intense sense of belonging3. In and Out groups4. Primary and Secondary groups5. Aggregates (same place but little in common) and CategoriesGroupthink 1. The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at the decision that many individuals think unwisea. No impartiality b. No dissentc. Rationalization d. Authoritarian leadershipGroups and Social Networks1. The “Network Society” Manuel CastellsDeviance (immoral)- Adultery- Discredited Bodily State (obesity)- Alcoholism - Same sex marriage- Smoking marijuana- Non-marital cohabitation- Homosexuality- Mean girl bullying!Defining Deviance1. Deviance is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society in which it occurs 2. Some deviance is more severea. Crime = formal penalty imposed on deviance 3. Deviance is socially constructed Ingredients of Deviance1. The violation of a social norm2. A violator of that norm3. A audience that recognizes the violation and judges it as wrong, followed by social sanctioning a. Action  Actor  ReactionExplaining Deviance1. Structural functionala. Emile Durkheim: functions of devianceb. Social disorganization (social strain theory)c. Merton’s structural strain theory2. Conflict and feminist theory3. Symbolic interactiona. Social control theoryb. Labeling theory4. The postmodern panoptic onMapping Deviance- Functionalisto Absolutism and Objectivism: deviance is a “real” and “objective” facto Determinism: deviance has deterministic “causes” which can be scientifically “discovered”- Conflict and Symbolic Interactiono Relativism and Subjectivism: deviance “socially” constructed and personally experiencedo Voluntarism: We “act-out” deviance which can be described, but not necessarily explained Emile Durkheim (Positive Function and Deviances)1. Affirms cultural values and norms2. A response clarifies moral boundaries3. This promotes social unity 4. Deviance encourages social changes (acts like civil disobedience)Social Disorganization1. Sociologists noticed that deviance varied widely across neighborhoodsa. Highest in the low-rent city center, even as ethnic composition changed 2. Deviance was a function of the strain in the larger structure of society, rather than individual traitsMerton’s Structural Strain Theory Type Cultural Goals Institutional MeansConformity Accept AcceptInnovation Accept RejectRitualism Reject AcceptRetreatism Reject RejectRebellion Create New Create NewConflict Theory1. Police and judges are “tools of power” used by the wealthy to “enforce” their institutional privilegea. Police and judged gain legitimacy by targeting the “dangerous classes” (less powerful)b. Differential sentencing of the poor and people of color2. Deviance plays an ideological in WHAT is targeted a. Crime in the SUITED v. the crime in the STREETSb. Deviance protects the capitalist (wealthy) classi. YET capitalist inequality creates devianceFeminist Theory1. Women’s position in society makes them subject to deviance (domestic abuse, sexual assault...)a. Manifestation of patriarchy (cultural justification of male dominance)2. Women commit crime due to disadvantaged economic position:a. Lower-paying jobs ($0.77 to the male dollar)b. Gendered exploitation: prostitution, assembly line work…)Labeling Theory1. Deviance is produced in a continuous process of ACTION and REACTIONa. Primary, secondary, and tertiary deviance 2. Deviance is constructed based on the cultural labels attached to behavior, which produces…a. Stigmatization and self-fulfilling prophecy3. Those doing the labeling occupy positions of power, like Judges and TherapistsPanopticon- Everyone is watching you through some form of surveillance - Panoptic powerSocial Stratification - The hierarchal arrangement of large social group based on control over basic resources (money)1. Social mobilitya. Upward, down, horizontal b. Intra generationali. Within oneselfii. Ascribed (caste)1. Closed (slavery)iii. Closed and open (estate)1. Achieved (class)c. Inter generationi. Between generationsd. Structurali. Social change2. Social Classa. A group ranked based on their position in a stratification systemb. Share life styles, social organizations, and socialization c. Social classes are relational Marx on Stratification- Capitalist: owners of the mean of production- Proletariat: sell their labor power for wages - Species being: humans as creative laborers- Surplus value a workers alienationFunctionalist Theory1. Upper2. Upper Middle3. Middle 30%4. Working 30%5. Working Poor 20%6. Under Class Social Class and Consumption 1. Stratification has shifted from production to consumption 2. “Cultural Symbols” indicate ones class position in a stratification system Torstein Veblen1. Conspicuous Leisure: Conscious waste of time 2. Conspicuous Consumption: Conscious waste of money3. These behaviors are promoted by fashion, advertising, marketing &… the “housewife of the leisure class”Pierre Bourdieu1. Social class is based on cultural tastes or habitsa. Cultural Capital: one’s store of cultural knowledge 2. Class distinction is driven by habitus, or a scheme form producing cultural practices 3. Habitus becomes a way of understanding a STRATIFICATIONMeasuring Stratification1. Income: annual salary or wagesa. 2012: median household income: $51,017i. DOWN -6.6% since 2000b. Median INDIVIDUAL Income: $26,513c. Mean INDIVIDUAL Income: $38,3372. Wealth: the value of all the economic assets owned: stocks, bonds, and real estate minus any debt!Taxation1. One purpose of taxation as a Social Policy is to reduce economic inequality2. Progressive taxation: tax rates rise as income increasesPoverty1. Absolute poverty: unable to meet basic needs2. Relative poverty: below society’s poverty linea. 15% = 46.5 million peopleb. U.S. Poverty line (family of 4): $23,021i. ABSOLUTE POVERTY > RELATIVE POVERTYc. Higher among children, women, people of colorGlobalization- Globalization is a trans planetary process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers o, or expedite, those flows Explaining Global Inequality- Modernization Theory1. Global inequality is linked to levels of economic development2. Poor countries develop through a series of stages, which are aided by:a.