Exam 2 Groups and Organizations 1 Groups 2 Reference groups intense sense of belonging 3 4 Primary and Secondary groups 5 Aggregates same place but little in common and Categories In and Out groups 1 The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at the decision that many individuals Groupthink think unwise a No impartiality b No dissent c Rationalization d Authoritarian leadership Groups and Social Networks 1 The Network Society Manuel Castells Deviance immoral Adultery Discredited Bodily State obesity Alcoholism Same sex marriage Smoking marijuana Non marital cohabitation Homosexuality Mean girl bullying Defining Deviance 1 Deviance is any behavior belief or condition that violates significant social norms in the society in which it occurs 2 Some deviance is more severe a Crime formal penalty imposed on deviance 3 Deviance is socially constructed Ingredients of Deviance 1 The violation of a social norm 2 A violator of that norm 3 A audience that recognizes the violation and judges it as wrong followed by social sanctioning a Action Actor Reaction Explaining Deviance 1 Structural functional a Emile Durkheim functions of deviance b Social disorganization social strain theory c Merton s structural strain theory 2 Conflict and feminist theory 3 Symbolic interaction a Social control theory Labeling theory b 4 The postmodern panoptic on Mapping Deviance Functionalist o Absolutism and Objectivism deviance is a real and objective fact o Determinism deviance has deterministic causes which can be scientifically discovered Conflict and Symbolic Interaction o Relativism and Subjectivism deviance socially constructed and personally experienced o Voluntarism We act out deviance which can be described but not necessarily explained Emile Durkheim Positive Function and Deviances 1 Affirms cultural values and norms 2 A response clarifies moral boundaries 3 This promotes social unity 4 Deviance encourages social changes acts like civil disobedience Social Disorganization 1 Sociologists noticed that deviance varied widely across neighborhoods a Highest in the low rent city center even as ethnic composition changed 2 Deviance was a function of the strain in the larger structure of society rather than individual traits Merton s Structural Strain Theory Type Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion Cultural Goals Institutional Means Accept Accept Reject Reject Accept Reject Accept Reject Create New Create New Conflict Theory privilege 1 Police and judges are tools of power used by the wealthy to enforce their institutional a Police and judged gain legitimacy by targeting the dangerous classes less powerful b Differential sentencing of the poor and people of color 2 Deviance plays an ideological in WHAT is targeted a Crime in the SUITED v the crime in the STREETS b Deviance protects the capitalist wealthy class i YET capitalist inequality creates deviance Feminist Theory 1 Women s position in society makes them subject to deviance domestic abuse sexual assault a Manifestation of patriarchy cultural justification of male dominance 2 Women commit crime due to disadvantaged economic position Lower paying jobs 0 77 to the male dollar a b Gendered exploitation prostitution assembly line work 1 Deviance is produced in a continuous process of ACTION and REACTION a Primary secondary and tertiary deviance 2 Deviance is constructed based on the cultural labels attached to behavior which produces a Stigmatization and self fulfilling prophecy 3 Those doing the labeling occupy positions of power like Judges and Therapists Everyone is watching you through some form of surveillance Panoptic power Labeling Theory Panopticon Social Stratification 1 Social mobility The hierarchal arrangement of large social group based on control over basic resources money a Upward down horizontal b Intra generational i Within oneself ii Ascribed caste 1 Closed slavery iii Closed and open estate 1 Achieved class c Inter generation i Between generations d Structural i Social change 2 Social Class a A group ranked based on their position in a stratification system b Share life styles social organizations and socialization c Social classes are relational Marx on Stratification Capitalist owners of the mean of production Proletariat sell their labor power for wages Species being humans as creative laborers Surplus value a workers alienation Functionalist Theory 1 Upper 2 Upper Middle 3 Middle 30 4 Working 30 5 Working Poor 20 6 Under Class Social Class and Consumption Torstein Veblen leisure class Pierre Bourdieu 1 Stratification has shifted from production to consumption 2 Cultural Symbols indicate ones class position in a stratification system 1 Conspicuous Leisure Conscious waste of time 2 Conspicuous Consumption Conscious waste of money 3 These behaviors are promoted by fashion advertising marketing the housewife of the 1 Social class is based on cultural tastes or habits a Cultural Capital one s store of cultural knowledge 2 Class distinction is driven by habitus or a scheme form producing cultural practices 3 Habitus becomes a way of understanding a STRATIFICATION Measuring Stratification 1 Income annual salary or wages a 2012 median household income 51 017 i DOWN 6 6 since 2000 b Median INDIVIDUAL Income 26 513 c Mean INDIVIDUAL Income 38 337 2 Wealth the value of all the economic assets owned stocks bonds and real estate minus any debt Taxation Poverty 1 One purpose of taxation as a Social Policy is to reduce economic inequality 2 Progressive taxation tax rates rise as income increases 1 Absolute poverty unable to meet basic needs 2 Relative poverty below society s poverty line a 15 46 5 million people b U S Poverty line family of 4 23 021 i ABSOLUTE POVERTY RELATIVE POVERTY c Higher among children women people of color Globalization Globalization is a trans planetary process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people objects places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers o or expedite those flows Explaining Global Inequality Modernization Theory 1 Global inequality is linked to levels of economic development 2 Poor countries develop through a series of stages which are aided by a Access to Western technology aid AND adopting modern cultural beliefs practices 3 W W Rsotows s Stages of Development a Traditional Take off Technological Maturity Mass Consumption Dependency Theory 1 Rejects modernization theory