HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 Exam 3 Study Guide I Identity o A persistent sameness within one s self and a sharing of one s essential character with others o Three most important characteristics in adolescent friendships Intimacy Mutual understanding Loyalty o Identity issues Vocational issues Political ideology Spiritual ideology Self in relation to others Sexual identity Ethnic identity Interests Body image II The process of identity formation involves o Crisis A period of role experimentation and active exploration of possibilities or alternatives o Commitment Making a choice among alternatives III Identity statuses o Identity achievement Commitment made and crises experienced Gone through many crises and explored possibilities and have made some commitments The individual has resolved his her identity crisis and made commitments to particular goals beliefs and values o Identity moratorium Most college students No commitment made and is experiencing crises The individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers Enduring commitments have not been made o Identity foreclosure Commitment made and no crises experiences HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 No exploration The individual seems to know who she he is but has latched onto an identity prematurely without exploration o Identity diffusion No commitment made and no crises experienced The person has not yet thought about or resolved identity issues and has failed to chart directions in life Not sure who they are and not concerned often take on values of those around them o Most adolescents move from foreclosure or diffusion to either achieved or moratorium between mid teens and mid twenties o One can be in a different identity status for various identity domains IV Relationship between parenting style and identity status o Authoritative democratic parenting correlated with identity achievement Give children an appropriate voice while providing guidance o Authoritarian parenting correlated with identity foreclosure Strict their word is final child has no voice Take on parents identity without any exploration of their own o Permissive parenting correlated with identity diffusion V Achievement and moratorium statuses o Higher self esteem o Feel more in control o View education more favorably o More capable of sustaining intimate relationships VI Foreclosure status o Dogmatic rigid defensive o Fear rejection VII Diffusion status o Less capable of intimacy o Avoid making personal decisions o Poor academic performance o Poor time management o More likely to abuse drugs and alcohol I Emerging Adulthood Jeffrey Arnett HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 adulthood II Typical 21 year old o 1970 o A distinct period of development that differs from adolescence and young o Takes place between 18 25 years of age o Characterized by independent role exploration and frequent change o the age of instability Married or about to be married Caring for a child or planning a pregnancy Done with education Settled into a job or role of full time mother o Today Marriage and parenthood not for another 5 years Education may last more years Will experience job changes o Why such dramatic differences Invention of birth control Sexual revolution of 60s and 70s Did not have to be married to have sex Living with partner without being married Increase in years devoted to higher education Change in women s roles Change in how young people view becoming an adult We aren t in a hurry to settle down anymore III Love o Adolescents Dating primarily recreational experimental o Emerging adults Dating becomes a serious search for a partner Thought of living together o Young adults 75 married with children late 20s IV Work Education o Adolescents Service jobs HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 Purpose of work to support leisure activities 95 enrolled in school o Emerging adults Laying groundwork for adult occupation 60 go on to higher education 32 complete 4 or more years of college Trying out unusual work educational possibilities o Young adults Settled into career Only 10 involved in higher education V The Age of instability changing the plan emerging adulthood o Changing major in college o Dropping out of college o Dissatisfaction with work o Romantic relationships o Moving Emerging adults have the highest rate of residential changes Going to college Wanting to move away from parents Dropping out of college Changing roommates Wanting to cohabitate Not wanting to cohabitate anymore Graduating from college New job or graduate school Nearly of emerging adults will move back in with parents and eventually move out again VI World views o Enter emerging adulthood with worldviews learned in childhood and adolescence worldviews o College students are exposed to greater diversity and as a result change o Emerging adults who do not attend college are just as likely as college students to examine existing worldviews and form their own set of beliefs and values o I am very sure that someday I will get to where I want to be in life 96 of 18 24 year olds agree with this statement o Most emerging adults are pessimistic about the future of society HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 VII What makes you an adult Class ideas o Financial independence o Strong sense of self o Taking care of others o Being responsible VIII Top three criteria for achieving adulthood o 1 Accepting responsibility for yourself o 2 Making independent decisions o 3 Being financially independent I Intimacy Open supportive tender relationship with another without fear of losing one s self II Isolation Self absorption fear of losing one s self III Adolescent friendships o Female friendships face to face Emphasis on self disclosure emotional connection A lot of talking relationship talk o Male friendships side by side Emphasis on cooperation leadership and competition Males less likely to enjoy relationship talk IV Adult friendships o Males compared to females Demonstrate more competitiveness Less agreement Less self disclosure o Self disclosure levels in friendships Lowest male male friendships Higher male female friendships Highest female female friendships V In heterosexual marriage males most often name their wives as their best friends while women name another female as their best friend VI Divorce and widowhood are typically more emotionally devastating for men than women HDFS 129 Dr Corneal Exam 3 spring 14 VII Identity intimacy o Because men are also losing their best friend o Males