Peplau s 2003 four broad differences in women s and men s sexuality The double standard in sexuality Married sexual activity Homosexual activity i e Kinsey Report Hunt s Report Mosher et al s Report Gender Masturbation The Masters and Johnson Four Phase Model i e Excitement Plateau Orgasm Climax Resolution Kaplan s Three Phase Model i e Vasocongestion Phase Orgasmic Release Phase Desire Phase Male vs Female sexual response Systems of sexual arousal i e central and peripheral Social standards e g the heterosexual standard etc PSY 388 03 Study Guide Exam 2 Professor Michikyan Psy Bio 388 N Sex Gender Menstrual cycle phases the follicular phase menstruation the luteal phase ovulation Negative Feedback Chromosomes XX XY SRY gene Andropause Menopause Menopausal symptoms Hormones ADH Oxytocin GH PRL FSH LH Sex hormones Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Steroid hormone lipid based hormone vs Peptide hormone protein based hormone Secondary sex characteristics The endocrine system Male Female reproductive system reproductive organs functions Spermache menarche The human cell and parts e g nucleus cytoplasm etc Chromosomes vs genes Mitosis vs Meiosis Gonads Zygote Jacobs Syndrome Down Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome Social behaviors e g aggression influenceability dominance nurtrurance empathy altruism Types of aggression e g relational aggression overt aggression Power status aggression Rape Violence Cross cultural studies social behavior e g nurturance Gender sexual drive and sexual responsiveness STUDY GUIDE PSY 388 03 2 25 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASES a monthly series of events Variations in start age and in women Bleeding occurs due to loss of endometrial tissue Can last about 28 days or 18 days short and as long as 40 days THE OVARIAN CYCLE FOLLICULAR PHASE 1st approx 14 days but may vary Egg develops in a follicle Stimulated by FSH Follicle stimulating hormone Estrogen is produced at this time OVULATION LH Luteinizing Hormone surges egg released from follicle Egg in abdominal cavity Picked up by fimbria of fallopian tube LUTEAL PHASE Postovulatory phase 14 days more constant Corpus luteum develops from exploded follicle Produces progesterone estrogen o Progesterone stimulates uterus to be ready for baby If no pregnancy corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans MENARCHE the first cycle or period Important developmental event in women s life Most if not all women remember their first menstruation and can even describe it in detail SPERMACHE first ejaculation Occurs around age 13 to 14 but can vary First ejaculation may not contain viable sperm Sperm production is necessary for fertility Boys also experience negative emotions e g fear by their first experience of ejaculation Boys are often unprepared Left to form their impressions of their first ejaculation o Parents rarely discuss the issue 2 37 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PSY 388 03 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM Reader page 83 regulates the amount of sex hormones secreted Why do we need this Balance o To avoid hormonal imbalance o Ex toilet septum tank 2 20 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION Reader page 80 Chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes 23 pairs 22 autosomes non sex chromosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes o Generally o Males XY 46 XY Has about 26 genes o Females XX 46 XX Has about 1 400 genes o Chromosomes carry the genes SRY GENE aka Sex Determining Region of the Y the reason some people are males and other people are females is due to the presence or absence of the SRY gene which is usually found on the Y chromosome Located on the Y chromosome Must be present for fetus to develop male organs 2 25 MENOPAUSE Reader page 100 ANDROPAUSE MENOPAUSE the period in a woman s life during which the female reproductive cycle ceases is likely to occur between ages 45 55 Female reproduction cycle ends o Age 45 55 o No menstrual periods for 1 year o Ovaries no longer secrete estrogen or progesterone o Uterine cycle becomes irregular o If still menstruating you can conceive A woman s transition may depend on her culture expectations o More positive attitudes are associated with thinking of menopause as life transition rather than medical condition MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS Symptoms vary across woman culture In North America the most well known symptoms are hot flashes o Due to irregularities in circulatory system o Body is changing hormonal changes o Dizziness o Headache PSY 388 03 o Insomnia Sleepiness o Depression o Increased sex drive may be due to androgen production by the adrenal cortex Testosterone increased may be a correlation with that ANDROPAUSE the period usually occurring between the ages of 45 and 55 during which a man s testosterone levels may fall leading to decrease in libido and fatigue Gradually around age 25 onward no complete andropause Reduction in testosterone and sperm production Not all men experience this Linked to o Aging older age o Diminished sexual desire and erectile quality o Mood changes o Fatigue depression anger and poor spatial orientation o Loss of body hair 2 25 REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES Hormones chemical signals that have powerful effect on other glands and tissues They stimulate their metabolism in a particular way Send chemical messages from one body to another to different organs To help maintain homeostasis and regulation balance Posterior of Pituitary Gland hormone ADH and oxytocin Nerve cells in the hypothalamus neurosecretory cells produce antidiuretic ADH Antidiuretic hormone kidneys to secrete less urine OXYTOCIN uterine contraction during child birth milk release when a baby is nursing o More contraction or suckle on breasts greater release of oxytocin Anterior of Pituitary Gland Blood vessels exist between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary Hypothalamus produces hypothalamic release hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary o Anterior pituitary releases hormones but 2 have direct effect on the body o Growth Hormone GH o Prolactin PRL GROWTH HORMONE GH Promotes cell division Protein synthesis Bone growth Physical appearance esp height PSY 388 03 PROLACTIN PRL causes the mammary glands in the breast to develop and to produce milk in women Both women and men produce prolactin at low levels Normal Ranges Males 2 18 ng mL nanograms per milliliter Non pregnant females 2 29 ng mL Pregnant women 10 209 ng mL In general Low levels of prolactin remain in males Levels of prolactin increases in females after birth THE GONADS Reader page 82 Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH stimulates