1 Unit-1 Review questions Lectures ##2,3. Anatomy of the Nervous System 1. What are the main divisions of the nervous system? Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System- somatic-autonomic-sympathetic & parasympathetic2. What are the functions of the nervous system? Sensory functions: get and integrate information about the world and create a sensory realityMotor functions: control movementsPlasticity: adapt to the world by changing the physical or chemical properties to adapt tothe environmental change or to compensate for injury3. What brain divisions are based on the surface features?Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem4. What brain divisions are based on brain development and evolution? Forebrain (end brain & between brain), Midbrain, Hindbrain5. What is gray and white matter? Gray matter is formed by the cell bodies of neuronal cells. White matter is formed by the fibers of neuronal cells.6. What are the main parts of the end brain? Cortex, corpus callosum, limbic system, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb7. What is the cortex? What are the main anatomical divisions of the cortex? The cortex is the outer 2-4 mm of the cerebrum made up of gray matter. The main anatomical divisions are 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.8. Define gyrus and sulcus. Gyri are protrusions on the surface of the cortex and sulci are depressions on the surface of the cortex. They both serve to increase surface area.9. Describe location and function of the precentral and the postcentral gyrus. The precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe and contains the primary motor cortex. The post central gyrus is located in the parietal lobe and contains the somatosensory area of the cortex.10. What is primary and association cortex? 11. Locate primary sensory and motor cortices in the brain. 12. What is the corpus callosum?The corpus callosum is the white matter that connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.13. What is the limbic system? Describe all the structures, their location and functions.The limbic system is a group of structures between the cortex and the brain stem in the endbrain. The principle structures are the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the cingulate cortex. Overalll, the limbic system functions in emotion, memory, sexual behaviors, and motivation.Amygdala-almond-shaped set of neurons located deep within the temporal lobe-functions in emotional memory-damage leads to striking change in emotional behavior-become more sexually activeHippocampus-located in medial temporal lobe-functions in memory storage and transferring memories from short to long term storageLimbic (Cingulate) Cortex-located in the cingulate gyrus between the cerebral hemispheres-three to four layers of gray matter atop white matter -functions in emotional processing and rewarding properties of drugs and other addictive substances*all function in emotional and sexual behaviors & memory*14. What are location and functions of the basal ganglia? Basal ganglia are accumulations of gray matter inside the hemispheres beneath the white matter of the cerebral cortex in the endbrain. They have three principal structures: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. They function mainly to control certain aspects of voluntary movement along with the thalamus, substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. There is another part of the basal ganglia called the nucleus accumbens. It functions in reward, pleasure, motivation, etc.,and is the main center for addiction.15. What are location and functions of thalamus and hypothalamus?The thalamus and hypothalamus are located in the between brain.Thalamus-one in each hemisphere-works closely with the cortex (gateway for channeling sensory info to the cortex)-information integration and relate to appropriate area of cortex-helps with the processing of visual, auditory, somatosensory, and gustatory information(NOT smell)-important for homeostatic behaviorHypothalamus- located beneath and to the left of the thalamus-found in both hemispheres lying bilaterally along brain’s midline-it’s the first place sensory info goes-control body’s production of hormones (through connections with pituitary gland)-takes part in nearly all aspects of behavior including feeding, sexual behavior, temp regulation, movement, etc.16. What is the pituitary gland? What is the pineal gland? What do they have in common? The pituitary gland releases hormones that affect growth, sexual development, metabolism, and reproduction. It is closely linked with the hypothalamus. The pineal gland releases hormones as well, specifically melatonin for sleep control. Both of these areas lack the blood-brain barrier because they need to be able to secrete hormones directly into the blood.17. What are location and functions of the midbrain? What are the 2 main parts of the midbrain? What is the cavity of the midbrain? The midbrain is the central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing andseeing as well as orienting movements. The two main parts are the tectum and tegmentum.Tectum-“roof,” located dorsally-sensory component, receives a lot of info from the eyes and ears-produces orienting movements and reflexesTegmentum-“floor,” located ventrally-associated with movement-related functions-neurons here produce dopamine to send to basal ganglia (too much leads to addictions)-contains substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)The cavity of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles.18. What are location and functions of medulla, pons, and cerebellum? Located in the hindbrainMedulla-controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate-very important!Pons-connects cerebellum to the rest of the body-controls important movements of bodyCerebellum-Important in controlling complex movements and has a role in cognitive functions-larger cerebellum = more quick coordinated movements19. Describe the 4 brain ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct? What do they contain? The ventricles are wing-shaped and connected. The cells that line the ventricles make cerebrospinal fluid that fills the ventricles. The cerebral aqueduct is a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord and connects the third and fourth ventricals.20. What are the meninges? What parts of the nervous system do they protect? Meninges are layers of protective connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three layers are